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- Concept Mapping
- Condensation
- Constraint-Based Systems
- Content Analysis
- Context Sensitivity
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ComprehensionInformation overload is increasingly a problem today. The ability to distil out key messages when there is abundance of information has become crucial. The quality of decision making deteriorates when decision makers spend time going through more information than what is needed. That time might be better spent on comprehending, reflecting, analyzing and making decisions. Comprehension can be improved by eliminating duplicate or overlapping messages. Messages can also be filtered or prioritized. Visualizing techniques can be applied to help the user understand the available information more easily. Various knowledge tools like concept mapping are available to facilitate comprehension. Concept MappingA visual representation of core concepts showing the relationships between them. A typical concept map has nodes (the concepts) with arrowed links between them (the causal relationships). Concept mapping helps in visualizing the relationships between different concepts. These relationships are articulated in linking phrases, e.g. “gives rise to”, “results in”, “is required by,” or “contributes to”. Concept mapping helps to represent the mental models, i.e. the cognitive map of individuals, teams and organizations and also the structure of knowledge extracted from written documents. The addition of knowledge resources, such as diagrams, reports, other concept maps, spreadsheets, etc., to the concept nodes can further facilitate meaningful learning. Concept maps are used to stimulate idea generation and to communicate complex ideas. Teachers can use them in the classroom to make learning more interesting and to reinforce key concepts. Formalized concept maps are used in software design. In short, concept maps are used for: Taking notes and summarizing. Communicating complex ideas and arguments. Detailing the entire structure of an idea, train of thought, or line of argument for the scrutiny of others. Capturing key concepts, their relationships and hierarchy from documents Transforming tacit knowledge into an organizational resource. Enabling knowledge retention by eliciting and mapping expert knowledge of employees prior to retirement. Facilitating the creation of shared vision and shared understanding within a team or organization. CondensationThe summarizing of data into a more manageable, concise form. For example, a series of data can be summarized into a table. Condensation is one of the ways by which we can convert data into information. (See also: Data, Information) Constraint-Based SystemsConstraint-based systems are suited for situations where data is available, but normally in a less quantitative from than that required by neural networks. Like expert systems, they are suited for relatively narrow problem domains, such as product configuration or pricing. Constraint-based systems capture and model the constraints that govern complex decision making. These systems are usually object-oriented41, not rule-based. So they are easier to modify than expert systems. There are no complex interactions to understand and modify. (See also: Expert System, Neural Networks, Object Oriented Databases). Content AnalysisAnalysis of a body of content (text) into its key concepts to identify trends, to generate keywords and thesaurus terms to improve subsequent text search and retrieval. (See also: Content Management System) Content Management System (CMS)A system makes it easier to develop enterprise portals and websites, by separating the management of content from its presentation (display). CMS facilitates collaborative creation of documents and other content. Blocks of content are tagged with metadata and other attributes and held in a database. There are various kinds of CMS: Web content management systems can automate various aspects of web publishing. Transactional CMS assist in managing e-commerce transactions. An integrated CMS helps in managing enterprise documents and content. Digital asset management systems help in managing the lifecycle of digital media. Similarly there are publications management, learning management and document imaging systems. (See also: Document Management Systems) Context SensitivityRich knowledge tends to be highly contextual. Separating the context from the knowledge tends to take away much of its value. So it is important to understand for what purpose the data has been collected or a report prepared. This ensures that the right interpretation is made of any document available in a knowledge repository. Equally important, this knowledge must be applied carefully with necessary modification and customization in a different context. To take an example, the challenges involved in implementing an enterprise resources planning (ERP) system for an oil company may be quite different from those for a pharmaceutical company. (See also: Codification) CookiesA general mechanism in which server side connections can be used to store and retrieve information on the client side of the connection. The main purpose of cookies is to identify users, prepare customized web pages and make the site more personalized and user friendly. For example, the client is freed from retyping a user ID, every time. Sites can also store user preferences on the client. Every time connection is established with the site, those preferences can be supplied by the client. To facilitate this process, customers entering a website are usually asked to fill out a form. This information is packaged into a cookie and sent to the web browser which stores it for later use. The next time the customer visits the site, it will be customized. For example, the welcome page may have the user’s name on it. Cookies can be of different types. A session cookie, also called a transient cookie is erased when the user closes the web browser. Session cookies do not collect information from the person’s computer. They are based on session identification, not personal identification. A permanent cookie or a stored cookie, is stored on a user’s hard drive until it expires or until the user deletes the cookie. Permanent cookies are used to collect unique information about the user such as web surfing behavior. Directory: books books -> The English Arrive in America books -> Active Vocabulary books -> Books we finished XIV books -> The theology of the balaam oracles: a pagan diviner and the word of god books -> The rhetoric of the father books -> Sra: Imagine It!, Themes, Taking a Stand, Ancient Civilizations Ecology, Great Expectations, Earth in Action, Art and Impact, Level 6 books -> You Can If You Try Unit 7 Nonfiction books -> The tregenza family books -> Unconditional hatred Download 0.91 Mb. Share with your friends:
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