In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to speedy and public trial

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58 [12A] Geography of Panama

This political cartoon appeared on December 1, 1897. Its caption reads: “Another Shotgun Wedding, with Neither Party Willing.” The cartoon shows President William McKinley as a minister conducting a wedding. He is reading from a book entitled “Annexation Policy.”

Which of the following does this political cartoon satirize?

The war of U.S. forces against Filipino rebels
The U.S. annexation of Hawaii
The Spanish-American War
The treatment of American Indians

57 [4B]

I said to myself, here are a people who have suffered for three centuries. We can make them as free as ourselves, give them a government and country of their own, put a miniature of the American constitution afloat in the Pacific, start a brand new republic to take its place among the free nations of the world….

But … since then, and I have read carefully the Treaty of Paris, and I have seen that we do not intend to free, but to subjugate the people of the Philippines. We have gone there to conquer, not to redeem….

It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make those people free, and let them deal with their own domestic questions in their own way. And so I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land.

— Mark Twain, New York Herald, October 15, 1900

Based on this excerpt, Mark Twain opposed U.S. acquisition of the Philippines because—

Americans intended to rule the Philippines as conquerors instead of introducing them to democracy
he felt Filipinos were not ready for a system of government based on the American Constitution
American ships no longer needed coaling stations on their way to Asia
Filipinos had suffered for three centuries and had suffered enough

58 [12A]

Geography of Panama

Tropical climate with prolonged rainy season
Coastal plains and rugged mountains on the interior
Large interior lake elevated above sea level.

How did engineers overcome the obstacles that the geography of Panama posed to the building of the Panama Canal?

They built new paved roads so that a greater number of dump trucks could remove the excavated earth.
They sprayed insecticides to kill mosquitoes and built concrete locks to raise ships to a higher elevation.
They used steam shovels to dredge the interior lake and bring its elevation down to sea level for a sea-level canal.
They used pneumatic drills and dynamite to remove several of Panama’s mountains, making construction of the canal easier.

59 [15C]

After observing how the European great powers had carved out “spheres of influence” in China, U.S. Secretary of State Hays proposed that the United States—

help the Boxers to overthow foreign influence in China
should enjoy equal trading rights with other foreign nations in China
help China to recover all those lands taken by European powers
blockade all Chinese ports if it was not given control of Hong Kong.

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