21st Century Grammar Handbook
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21st century grammar, transformation, transformation, - - - .pdf;filename*= UTF-8''অনুবাদ চর্চা (প্রথম আলো পত্রিকা থেকে-২৯-০৩-২০২০)-1, 21st century grammar
| P ROPER N OUNS —N AMES When people’s names include titles, both are usually capitalized President Bush, Terrence Cardinal O’Connor, Professor Harner, Dr. Slade, Aunt Sue. But the titles alone are commonly not capitalized In Washington I saw the president To show respect for the o ces represented by titles, some writers capitalize the titles whether used with a name or not, while other writers use lower-case letters. Rules and variations for capitalization of such parts of names as “de,” “von,” apter bin “ibn,” and the like are too complex to review here. Check sources for the language from which such names come as well as personal preferences. Capitalization of things or abstractions is used at times when personi cation is intended when Nature brings her warm rains or as Death unleased his fury.” However, personi cation may assign stereotypical characteristics to common words (as in the examples above. Guard your writing against such biases, however subtle. See also sexist language. TRADEMARK NAMES. Many objects or products have trade names that are usually capitalized Chevrolet, Honda, Coke, and Xerox, for example. While it is not uncommon to refer to colas or photocopies in general as cokes or xeroxes the trademark holders aren’t very pleased with such usages because they think a capitalized use suggests the trademarked product and might lead to sales. In more formal writing, especially when rights to products and their names can bean issue, it is necessary to preserve commercial capitalization. When in doubt as to whether a name is trademarked, refer to a style manual that lists brand names. GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Places, geographical or topographical features that are named, and large segments of the world are usually capitalized Denver, the Mall (in London, not the local shopping center, Morton Street, Lake Naivasha, the Rift Valley, the Western Hemisphere, the West. When you refer to places without a proper name, use lower case: When I was at Lake Naivasha, I noticed that the lake is becoming polluted Similarly, city, state, or county names are usually capitalized in o cial form and order but use lowercase in less formal order the Republic of France” the French republic And compass directions are not capitalized when they do not stand fora region The rider headed west The rodeo rider lit out for the West.” SCIENTIFIC NAMES Latin scienti c names of animals and plants have the genus, the rst word of the name, capitalized (and are usually in italics): “Bucephala clangula clangula” However, for common names of creatures and plants, capitalize only those parts of the names that are proper nouns in their own right Barrows goldeneye.” Astronomical bodies with speci c names are capitalized the Milky Way “Mars.” But generic terms such as planet galaxy and the like are lower case: “comet Kohotek,” the Spider nebula.” ETHNIC NAMES. Names of groups of people with established cultural or geographical identities are usually capitalized “Yanomama,” French Asian “Native American,” Portuguese Words referring to more generic populations are usually lower case: black “white.” NAMES OF ORGANIZATIONS. Like place names, these proper nouns are capitalized informal use and lower case in less formal or less complete usage New York City Council,” “city council the council Touchstone Company the company National governmental bodies often retain capitals United States Congress the Congress” “the House of Commons Commons Political parties and movements usually capitalize only the speci c name and not the words party movement “bloc,” and the like Democratic party.” NAMES OF PERIODS OR TIMES. Calendar dates are capitalized but not seasons “November,” “fall.” Larger segments of time that are named are capitalized, but centuries are not: “the Middle Ages the thirteenth century Many such periods that include words like era age or period are not capitalized unless they include a proper name: “colonial period Victorian era nuclear age Some widely recognized periods are often capitalized Stone Age.” NAMES OF EVENTS. Usage varies widely, although capitalization of important events is common Industrial Revolution Battle of Britain.” RELIGIOUS NAMES. Names of the deity, saints, holy persons and their titles, holy writings and their major divisions, rites or services, important religious concepts or events, churches and synagogues, and denominations and sects are usually capitalized, especially by participants in specific religions. NAMES OF VEHICLES. Speci c names of airplanes, ships, trains, and other vehicles are usually capitalized (and in italics or underlined “Enola Gay Challenger “Bis- mark.” Makes, brands, classes, and types of such vehicles are usually just capitalized: “Polaris submarines T tanks.” Download 1.09 Mb. Share with your friends:
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