Type Specimens in the Ravenel Collection

Type Specimens in the Ravenel Collection

A "type" specimen is one upon which the original description of a plant is based.  In Ravenel's time, when a botanist published the name and description of a new species, it was not necessary to explicitly designate a specimen as the type, as it is now, a rule enacted in 1958.

This is a mixed collection.  (Note that the correct authority is Gray, not Curtis.)  The exposed plant at top was collected by William Canby of Wilmington, Delaware (1831-1904), who presumed that it was a variety ofPachystima myrsinites Rafinesque, a western species.  Two envelopes contain plant material as well: the upper is probably from the same collection as the Giles County plant, and is so labeled.  The lower envelope is labeled "Pachystima myrsinites Raf....N. Mexico. coll. Fendler."  August Fendler (1809-1883), a native Prussian, botanized extensively in the 1840's under the direction of George Engelmann and Asa Gray; his collections are among the first from New Mexico.  Ravenel included both taxa on the same sheet, and inscribed this sheet at lower right corner, "P. Canbyi Gray & P. myrsinitesRaf."  The upper specimen almost certainly represents type material of P. canbyi; the holotype is at Harvard's Gray Herbarium. In his description of the new species, Gray indicates that it was Curtis, while still alive, proposed that the name of the new species honor its discoverer.  Canby visited Ravenel in Aiken in 1869, and the two communicated extensively.
 A specimen of Baptisia from the sandhills of Aiken County
Baptisia stipulacea Rav.
June
Aiken, S.C.
HWR
Current name: Baptisia microphylla Nuttall; “Small-leaved wild indigo.” 

This specimen is probably a type.  Ravenel described this species in 1856, later (1876) remarking that it is "sparingly disseminated in the poor sand-hill region in the vicinity of Aiken."  J. K. Small, in his 1903 Flora of the Southeastern United States, maintained recognition of this plant as a good species (as B. microphylla), although more current taxonomic judgment holds it as a hybrid between B. perfoliata ("rabbit-bells") and B. tinctoria ("wild indigo"), both of which are fairly common in modern Aiken County.

Probably introduced species, perhaps cultivated, but more likely a pest.  Hanover House refers to the ancestral home of Ravenel's great-grandfather, originally located in Berkeley County, then transported to Clemson University (prior to the inundation of Lake Moultrie), now on the grounds at the South Carolina Botanical Garden. Solanum is a large genus in the tomato family (Solanaceae), perhaps best known locally known as the native S. caroliniense, which is a fairly benign (although somewhat toxic) weed.  Solanum sodomeumwas named in 1753 by Linnaeus, and remains a valid species.   However, this specimen is likely a different taxon.  Other species of Solanum, especially (and recently) S. viarum, or “tropical soda-apple”, have been implicated as serious agricultural weeds in the Southeast.

Some Rare Plants

This sample opening, with its references to “Walt” [Thomas Walter] and “Mich” [Andre Michaux] shows the slow cumulation of knowledge about South Carolina plants.  Elliott, a Charlestonian banker who graduated from Yale in 1791, also served as professor of natural history and botany at the Medical College and as a contributor to Legare's Southern Review.

This is the "long-lost" Elliottia, the genus named in commemoration of Stephen Elliott (1771-1830), whose Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgiawas heavily used by Ravenel as a source.  USC's Elliott College was named in his honor in 1847.   The genus Elliottia was established by Henry Muhlenberg (1752-1815) as a tribute to Elliott, who published the name in 1817 in the first volume of his Sketch.  This species is now apparently restricted, in nature, entirely to Georgia;  there are now no known naturally-occurring populations east of the Savannah River, though it is historically known from South Carolina, as this collection proves, on the south side of present-day North Augusta.  Although the plants in natural populations in Georgia produce viable seeds, seedlings are never seen; the species is commonly propagated vegetatively, and is sometimes seen in cultivated in gardens. This species is officially recognized as "threatened” by the state of Georgia, but does not enjoy federal protection.

Stephen Olney (1812-78), a businessman and botanist of Rhode Island, specialized in algae and vascular plants, primarily from the northeastern states. His collecting partner was Jesse Metcalf (dates not known). The two were later involved in operating a mill in Providence, Rhode Island, producing cotton cloth during the Civil War.
 Ravenel and the Elliott Society
Henry W. Ravenel, Notice of some New and Rare Phaenogamous Plants found in this State,
Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History of Charleston, South-Carolina, vol. I (November 1853-December 1858): 50-54. From the library of Prof. Yates Snowden.

This is the second of two papers that Ravenel contributed to the proceedings of this society, named for the South Carolina botanist Stephen Elliott (1771-1830), although Ravenel was not often able to attend the Society’s meetings.  Following his more scientific discoveries, Ravenel reports visiting the grave near Santee of Thomas Walter, author of Flora Caroliniana (1788).

Mellichamp collected the specimen and sent it to Ravenel. This is a reasonably rare species in South Carolina, and it somewhat characteristic of shell-midden or shell-ring communities along the coast.  Ravenel mentions the works of both Chapman and Elliott, both of which he (HWR) would have been using extensively.

 Scizandra coccinea Mx

Scizandra coccinea Michx.

A very rare species in South Carolina known only from Beaufort and Jasper Counties. The plant was named by John Brickell (1749-1809) as Stellandria glabra in 1803, and subsequently (very soon afterward) by André Michaux asSchisandra coccinea, apparently unaware of Brickell's name. Although Brickell got the name first, the genus name that Michaux invented (viz. Schisandra) is a "conserved" generic name against Stellandria. As Brickell named it first, Rehder (1863-1949) transferred Brickell's name into the genus Schisandra. All of the above labels are present on the same sheet, along with two additional packets containing material. Dr. Joseph Hinson Mellichamp achieved considerable stature as a botanist, particularly around the Bluffton area, and was a steady correspondent with Ravenel.

This is a circumpolar species, generally known in the Southeast only from high elevations. The prostrate variety is known from a few disjunct localities, such as this one. Taxonomic questions remain concerning the status of the variety, as it sometimes forms small trees.  Ravenel found two populations in Aiken County, in what is now present-day Hitchcock Woods. Ravenel refers to this collection, and explicitly to the label thereon, in his journal entry for September 21, 1869. This entry credits his (only) son, "Harry," with the discovery of the two populations. "Harry" was Henry St. Julien Ravenel, born in 1848.  The natural occurrence of this population has been questioned, although Ravenel himself addressed this issue in 1876:

This spot is in virgin forest of Pine, Oak, etc and there are no signs of clearing or of former cultivation, by which their introduction may be traced to hand of man. . . . Strange that the Alpine form of a tree which grows 1000 mi north, should be found here, flourishing on these warm sandhills!
Sharing Botanical Information
George Engelmann
The American Juniper of the Section Sabina.
St. Louis, MO: R. P. Studeley, 1877.  Original wrappers, inscribed to Ravenel from the author.

Offprint from Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, 3:4 (December 1877).

 
Botanical Illustration in South Carolina, II 
John James Audubon, and Maria Martin, 1796-1863,
"Bachman&'s Warbler.  Gordonia pubescens,
plate 185, from his Birds of America, no. 38, 1833.
Current name: Franklinia alatamaha.

Audubon's double elephant folio engravings Birds of America, published in parts between 1828 and 1838, and purchased for South Carolina College by vote of the legislature in 1831, are also important for their botanical backgrounds.  The bird depicted here has been named for Audubon’s Charleston friend, the Rev. John Bachman.  By the late Victorian period, the plant (which was painted by Bachman’s sister-in-law Maria Martin) was no longer found growing in South Carolina; interestingly, in 1882, Ravenel himself published a paper about this plant in American Naturalist.