B bábi, Tibor



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Beyond the Mountain (Hegyentúl) – This is a territory of the historical Provinces of Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia) and Nyitra (now Nitra, Slovakia). Beyond the Little Carpathian Mountains stretches the Morava River valley. Its old Hungarian name is Búrmező. The same name was also used in the context of public administration. Its Hungarian inhabitants in the early Middle Ages were partially of Szekler origin absorbed during the same period by the Slovakian population, boosted by Moravian elements. Several geographical names perpetuate their existence. – B: 1134, T: 7677.

Beythe, István (Stephen) (Kő, 1532 - Németújvár, now Güssing, Austria, 3 May 1612) – Bishop of he Reformed Church, church historian, naturalist. First he taught at Hédervár, Szabolca, Alsólendva, and later at Sárvár. Then from 1574 to 1576, he preached in Hungarian in Sopron. Next, Boldizsár (Balthasar) Batthány (1543-590, a Protestant nobleman) called him to Németújvár to be his court chaplain in 1576. In 1585, he became superintendent and Bishop for the Protestant churches in Transdanubia between Lake Fertő and Lake Balaton. At the annual Synod of Csepreg in 1584 he issued canons opposed by the orthodox Lutheran pastors. The final separation came in 1591 during the colloquy at Csepreg; he resigned from his episcopal office in 1595. Beythe was an outstanding scientist of his age. He co-operated with the famous Dutch botanist Clausius during his stay in Hungary. Clausius mentioned this in the preface of the Latin-Hungarian botanical dictionary published in 1583 by the printer Marclius at Németújvár, and he learned the Hungarian names of the plants found within Pannonian (Transdanubian) territory from István Beythe. Beythe also wrote a botanical work independently: Stirpium nomenclator Pannonicus (1583). This is regarded as the first study of botany in the Hungarian language. He also wrote the Interpretation of the Gospels…(Az evangéliomok magyarázati...) (1584). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7682.

Bezdán, Massacre of Hungarians (Southern part of Historic Hungary, now Serbia) – An excerpt from a witness’ narrative: “The Serbian troops, the partisan squads of Tito, infiltrated Bácska only after the fight in the region ended. The report pays special attention to Bezdan, this Hungarian village on the left bank of the Danube. The villagers, men, women and children alike, were summoned to the soccer field at 9 a.m. on Nov. 3, 1944, under the pretext that important public works should be carried out and therefore everybody must show up under penalty of death. The partisans separated all 18- and 19-year-old men from the crowd including the players of the well-known soccer team, the BFC. By this cynical move the partisan commander wanted to mislead the remaining population and make it possible to drive the group away without disturbance. Equipped with spades and hoes, 122 men were led along the road to Zombor to the edge of the Isterbac Woods. Armed with machine guns, only 15 partisans escorted the obedient but somewhat worried group. Once there, they were forced to dig two large, wide pits, each 2 meters deep. At that point some of them may have begun to suspect the purpose of the work. Their apprehension could have been reinforced by the fact that a kind-hearted partisan tried to send back a 13 year-old boy to the soccer field coming with the group holding his father's hand. The little boy proved to be very affectionate and he could not be separated from his father. Their “job” being urgent, the partisans no longer cared about him. They forced the men to pile their spades and hoes and shot first the soccer team, then the rest of the group together with the child into the pits. It seems that no one thought of taking up their spade to fight the handful of gunmen. After the last man had been executed they sent a messenger on horseback to the soccer field with the message that “the job is done”. On receiving the news, the partisans, who had so far guarded the unsuspecting crowd, let the new widows and orphans go home. After a few days a division of Bulgarian soldiers arrived to Bezdan. The Bulgarian commander was told of the events of Nov. 3. He gave permission to open the common grave and give the dead proper burial. The funeral into separate graves took place on Nov. 28. The opening of the graves revealed that the victims were tied with a wire in groups of fifteen. Another forty corpses mutilated beyond recognition were found in the cellar of the village council house and in nearby yards, twenty more in the water of the Ferenc Canal. These were buried at the same time as the bodies from the two big common graves. Thirty-two bodies could not be identified due to the horrible mutilations. These were reburied in one common grave. The name of the murder squad was found out. The horrible crimes were committed by the 12th Udarna Brigade of the 51st Partisan Division under the orders of the commander and the political officer.” Some 40,000 to 50,000 Hungarians were murdered with similar bestiality by Serbian Partisans in the fall of 1944 and the spring of 1945. – B&T: 1394.→Atrocites against Hungarians.

Bezerédi, Imre (Emeric) (Sárospatak, 17 December 1679 -Sárospatak, 1708) – Brigadier of the Kuruc forces (name for the Hungarian insurgents). He was a popular and heroic fighter of the Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburgs (1703-1711). He fought mostly in Transdanubia (Dunántúl) and became well known for his heroism. During the fall of 1707, through the intervention of Imperial Field Marshal Count János (John) Pálffy, he began secret negotiations with the Viennese Court. Although they agreed on the conditions of the changeover on the 7th December of the same year, he only decided to do so in August 1708. His plans were discovered and on 5 September 1708 he was captured at Kőszeg together with the other disloyal officers. The Kuruc military court sentenced him to death and he was executed. A Street and a High School bear his name in Budapest. – B: 0883, 1444, T: 7668.→Kuruc; Freedom Fight of Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; Pálffy, Count János.

Bible Alliance (Biblia Szövetség) – A recent development within the Reformed Church in Hungary. However, its roots are in the Revivalist Period at the turn of the 19th century: in the Bethania CE Alliance, the Mission Alliance, Soli Deo Gloria (SDG) Alliance, and from the Christian Youth Society (Keresztyén Ifjúsági Egyesület – KIE, the Hungarian form of YMCA) to a new awakening movement of the mid 20th century. Despite the oppressive measures of the Communist regime the flame was not extinguished. In the late 1980s, when the breeze of political change blew through Hungary, there was a demand for a united, biblical and true Christian movement within the Protestant churches. This is how the Bible Alliance was started in December of 1988, and officially formed but not exclusively by Reformed believers on 1 May 1989. The headquarters and the Bible School are at Pécel, in the vicinity of Budapest. The Alliance furthers the services of dedicated Christians. – B: 0910, T: 7103.

Bible in Hungarian – As early as the times of King St István (St Stephen, 997-1038) the law punished those who did not pay attention to the readings during the Mass. This indicates that at least a partial translation of the Bible must have existed. The Passion was recited in Hungarian to St. Margit (Margaret, daughter of King Béla IV) in the 13th century. The Italian Dominican friar, Jacopo Passevanti noted in 1354 that some Biblical texts existed in Hungarian translation. The oldest surviving Bible texts in the Hungarian language are in the Apor, Viennese and Münich Codices. Taking note of the date of the calendar in the Munich Codex, the original translation is likely to have been prepared around 1416. Following this but prior to 1480, the Blessed László (Ladislas) Báthori, a Pauline monk, also worked on the translation of the Hungarian Bible. His work was placed in the famous library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana of King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus) (1458-1490). It was postulated that the Jordánszky Codex is a copy of the Hungarian Bible. The Epistles of St. Paul were translated by Benedek Komjáthy and published under the title of “The Epistles of St Paul in the Hungarian Language” (Az Zenth Paal leveley magyar nyelven) in Krakow. This work was based on that of Erasmus and the preface to each Epistle is also his. In 1536 Gábor Pesty Mizsér translated The Four Gospels; the influence of Erasmus of Rotterdam is also felt in his work. The translators did not mention if they had relied on contemporary sources. In 1541 János (John) Sylvester published the complete New Testament in Újsziget. He was the first to use the original Greek text for translation; but he also took notice of the translations of the Vulgate and that of Erasmus. The first complete translation of the whole Bible is credited to Gáspár (Gasper) Heltai. Péter Mélius Juhász published a selection between 1565 and 1567. In 1586 Tamás (Thomas) Félegyházi’s translation of the New Testament was published in Debrecen. Due to his unexpected death, a fellow priest, György (George) Gönczi completed his work. It is without doubt that the Minister of the Reformed Church in Vizsoly, Gáspár Károli translated the Bible entirely independently in 1590. Since then it has been the Bible of Vizsoly (Vizsolyi Biblia) after the place of its preparation. Károli’s translation became the most widely read Bible of subsequent generations. The translation of the Bible for the Catholic Church was the work of István (Stephen) Szántó, a Jesuit priest; but it remained in manuscript form due to the sudden death of its translator. György (George) Káldi’s first Catholic Bible translation was published in 1626; it is also an independent work. These Bible translations, even those published in the 16th and 17th centuries, all preceded translations of the Bible into the native languages of most European countries. The equally independent Bible translation of György (George) Komáromi Csipkés was published in Leiden in 1718. The British and Foreign Bible Society was established in 1814. It was involved in the publication of a Hungarian Bible, its translation, printing and distribution. The Society had to leave the country in 1948 due to the political changes. The Sámuel Komáromy version was published in Pest in 1870, and later in Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia). In 1924 Sándor (Alexander) Czeglédy’s and in 1925 Endre (Andrew) Masznyik’s New Testament was published. István (Stephen) Kecskeméthy’s New Testament, a revision based on the Gáspár Károli version, came out in 1931. In 1938 a small number of copies were printed of Sándor Czeglédy’s complete Bible translation. László (Ladislas) Ravasz’ revision of the New Testament was published in 1971. In 1972 an entirely new Roman Catholic Bible, based on the Jerusalem Bible, was prepared. Soon after the departure of the British and Foreign Bible Society, the Protestant Churches and the Orthodox Church established the Hungarian Bible Council. At first they intended to revise the Károli version; but instead, began a new translation from the original Hebrew and Greek. This was completed in December 1975, followed by a revision on October 31, 1990, on the 400th anniversary of the appearance of the Vizsoly Bible. The Hungarian Bible Council set up the Hungarian Bible Foundation, the Hungarian Bible Society with its 11 member churches. Today more than 12 types of Károli and new Bible translations are available, including an annotated Bible. 650,000 Bibles were published between 1990 and 1996. Of this number 450,000 Bibles are the traditional Károli translation; 200,000 new translations, 100,000 Bibles for children have been published and 2,000,000 Bibles have been sent to Hungarians living in the successor states in the Carpathian Basin since 1920. – B: 1201, 1202, T: 7659, 7682, 7103.→Corvina; Czeglédy, Sándor; Félegyházi, Tamás; Heltai, Gáspár; Jordánszky Codex; Károli Bible; Károly, Gáspár; Komjáthy, Benedek; Komáromi Csipkés, György; Masznyik, Endre; Ravasz, László; Sylvester, János.

Bibó, István (Stephen) (Budapest 7 August 1911 - Budapest, 10 May 1979) – Political scientist, politician, writer. He obtained a Doctorate in Law in 1933, and in Political Science from the University of Szeged in 1934. He was a law court clerk between 1934 and 1938. He worked at the Ministry of Justice as reporter for 10 years (1935-1945). He was connected to the University of Szeged from 1940. The Arrow Cross Party (Nyilas Keresztes Párt) arrested him in the fall of 1944, later they released him but he was forced to hide. He was Departmental Head of the Ministry of Interior of the Provisional Government in Debrecen from February 1945. He was the leading politician of the Smallholders’ Party between 1945 and 1949, appointed professor at the University of Szeged from 1946, Director of the East European Institute of Sciences (1947-1949), librarian; and researcher at the University Library in Budapest from 1951. He was Minister of State in the Cabinet of Imre Nagy in November 1956. On 4 November 1956, when the Soviet Army crushed the Revolution, on behalf of the Government he released a communiqué that called on the Hungarian people for passive resistance. He then worked out a compromise solution for the “Hungarian Question”, how the Hungarian problem might be solved. In 1957 he summarized and published in Vienna the lessons to be learned from the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. In May 1957 he was arrested, prosecuted, and sentenced for life on account of his political activities; but was freed by an amnesty in 1963. He was employed as a librarian at the Institute of Statistics’ Library until his retirement in 1971. He is regarded as one of the most influential Hungarian political writers of the second half of the 20th century. His writings include The Question of Sanctions in International Law (A szankciók kérdése a nemzetközi jogban) (1934); Pressure, Law, Freedom (Kényszer, jog, szabadság) (1935); The Crisis of Hungarian Democracy (A magyar demokrácia válsága) (1945); The Misery of the Small East-European States (A kelet-európai kis államok nyomorúsága) (1946); The Jewish Question in Hungary after 1944 (A zsidó kérdés Magyarországon 1944 után) (1948), and The Third Way. Studies in Politics and History (Harmadik út. Politikai és történeti tanulmányok) (1960, London). His ideas have a renewal and influential effect in post 1990 Hungary. A college and a high school bear his name. – B: 0894, 1257, T: 7103.→Nagy, Imre; Freedom Fight of 1956.

Bibó, Lajos (Louis) (Hódmezővásárhely, 20 December 1890 - Hódmezővásárhely, 27 October 1972) – Writer, journalist. Worked for the following newspapers: The Fire of Szeged (A Szegedi Tűz); Environs of Szeged (Szeged Vidéke); then at the papers Dawn (Virradat), National Newspaper (Nemzeti Újság), Budapest Newspaper (Budapesti Újság) and Evening News (Esti Újság). He was noted mainly for his writings about the peasantry, such as My Mother (Anyám) (1928); Storm Sowers (Viharvetők) (1933); The Swamp (A láp) (1944) and his plays: The Inheritance (A juss) (1925); Zsigmond Báthory (1927); Esther (Eszter) (1937); Eagle’s Nest (Sasfészek) (1940); The Blamables (Hibások) (1942); Sun Spots (Napfoltok) (1944), and Sheepskin Coaters (Subásak) (1968). His books were popular prior to 1945. – B: 0878, 0879, 1257, T: 7103.

Bicsérdy, Béla (Budapest, 20 March 1872 - Billings, MT, USA, 7 December 1951) – Nutritionist. He discovered and popularized a natural therapy that was named after him. He was educated in Fogaras, Transylvania (now Făgăras, Romania). Later he popularized his individual nourishment and vegetarian system all over the country in the Hungarian and Romanian languages. In 1925 his followers published a newspaper in Petrozsény (now Petrosani, Romania) with the title Bicsérdizmus. Eventually he emigrated to the United States where he founded a church. His life ended tragically when one of his followers shot him dead in his own church. – B: 0832, T: 7660.

Bicskey, Károly (Charles) (Budapest, 29 January 1920 - ) – Actor, stage manager. He completed his studies at the Academy of Dramatic Art of Budapest in 1943; and while a student, joined the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest (1943). He also acted at the National Theater of Pécs (Nemzeti Színház) (1944) and at the Art Theater (Művész Színház) (1945). From 1947 he worked at the Medgyasszay Theatre, from 1948 at the Hungarian Theater (Magyar Színház), Budapest. From 1949 to 1980 he acted at other theaters in the country, among them the theaters of Miskolc, Debrecen, Kecskemét, Szeged, Győr, Veszprém, Békéscsaba and Pécs. His acting is characterized by a sincere, credible and memorable presentation of his roles. He appeared in many classic and modern plays, as well as in operas and operettas. His main roles include Almaviva in Beaumarchais’ Marriage of Figaro (Figaró házassága); Ádám and Lucifer in Madách’s The Tragedy of Man (Az ember tragédiája); Ottó, Biberach and Bánk, Petur in Katona’s Bánk bán; Caesar in Shaw’s Caesar and Cleopatra, and Boss Finlay in A. Miller’s Sweet Bird of Youth (Az ifjúság édes madara). He appeared in feature films, such as Somewhere in Europe (Valahol Európában); Dialogue (Párbeszéd); The Witness (A tanú). He stagemanaged plays, such as Jókai’s Golden Man (Aranyember); Katona’s Bánk bán; Sardou’s Let's Get a Divorce (Váljunk el); Strauss’s The Gypsy Baron (A cigánybáró). There are more than 25 featrure and TV films to his credit including Hot Fields (Forró mezők) (1949); The Dialogue (A párbeszéd) (1963); The Witness (A tanú) (1969), and the Devictus Vincit (TV 1994). He received the Mari Jászai Prize (1955), the Kisfaludy Prize (1962), and the Pro Urbe Prize (1970). – B: 0874, 1439, 1445, T: 7103.

Bihar, Earth Fortification of – Fortification erected in the times of the Carpathian Settlement Period (895-896) in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania) near the village of Bihar (now Biharea). The layout is a 150x50 m. oblong surrounded by a 15-20 m. wide earthen wall. In times of war it could accommodate 3000 people. Even in the 16th century it played a significant role in the war of Reigning Prince Rákóczi II for Hungary’s independence from Habsburg rule (1703-1711). Excavations have disclosed that the original foundation was made out of fluvial deposits, stones embedded in alluvial soil. This earthen fort (földvár) has been mentioned twice in the work of Anonymus, the 12th century Chronicler. The first time it was in connection with a raid by the Hungarians on the earthen fort under the captaincy of Marót, overlord of Bihar, at the rim of the settlement. The second time it was when Usu and Velec, captains of Árpád in alliance with the Szeklers besieged and almost took the fort. The siege lasted thirteen days and ended with a negotiated settlement. On 2 November 1897, in connection with the Millennium celebration of Hungary, a memorial column was erected; but the Romanians demolished it after the illegal takeover of Transylvania in 1919, prior to the Trianon Peace Dictate of 1920. – B: 1153, 1020, T: 3233.→Anonymus; Freedom Fight of Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; Millennium Celebration, 1896, Hungarian.

Bihar Region of Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania) – Large area of approximately 10,000 km2 immediately east of the Great Plain (Nagyalföld) encompassing the foothills and central mountainous regions of Transylvania. Under the kings of the Árpád Dynasty (896-1301) the area was referred to as ‘Bihar country’. It includes the valleys of the Körös and Berettyó rivers as they descend to the Great Plain from the mountainous center of Transylvania. During the reign of the kings of the House of Árpád, this area was mostly uninhabited. An important cultural, religious and administrative town, Nagyvárad (now Oradea, Romania) developed at the junction of the Great Plain and the Bihar Mountain Complex. King St. László I (St Ladislas, 1077-1095) of the Árpád Dynasty established Nagyvárad as the easternmost Roman Catholic archbishopric in the Carpathian Basin. St. László’s legacy is strongly associated with this region. Hungarians now represent only a minority in this area, for as a result of the Versailles-Trianon Peace Dictate of 1920, a large part of the region was ceded to Romania. – B: 1134, 1020, T: 7656, 7456.→Catholic Church in Romania; László I, King.

Bihari, János (John) (Nagyabony, 1784 - Pest, 1827) – Violin virtuoso, composer of Gypsy origin. At the early age of 17, Bihari was leading his five-member orchestra in Pest (Pest and Buda were officially merged only in 1873, to form the capital Budapest). Later in Vienna, Beethoven often listened to Bihari’s music, as did Franz Liszt in 1822. Bihari developed a style known as “verbunkos” (recruiting music). 84 compositions are attributed to him. Bihari was a renowned violinist, and he played in the court in Vienna during the entire Congress of Vienna in 1914. – B: 1197, 1153, 1031, T: 7656.→Verbunkos; Liszt, Ferenc; Csermák, Antal György; Lavotta, János; Erkel, Ferenc; Bartók, Béla; Figura.

Bihari, József (Joseph) (Nagyajta, now Aita Mare, Romania, 14 January 1901 - Budapest, 25 February 1981) – Actor. He was a railway clerk in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). After the Versailles-Trianon Peace Treaty ceded Transylvania to Romania in 1920, he moved to the truncated Hungary and worked as a laborer, later as an accountant. He studied acting at the Actors’ School of the National Actors’ Society, graduating in 1928. He joined the National Art Theater (Nemzeti Művész Színház) and from 1935 to 1945 he was member of the Comedy Theater (Vígszínház), Budapest. He was member of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház,) Budapest until his retirement in 1965. His characteristics were inner tension of emotions, visualized strength, acerbic sense of humor and pleasant elocution. He gave outstanding performances in many roles, particularly that of Tiborc in J. Katona’s Bánk bán. His other important roles include Bálint Újlaki in Kós’s Antal Budai Nagy (Budai Nagy Antal); Antal Varga in Háy’s The Bridge of Life (Az élet hídja); Orrondi in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer-Night’s Dream (Szentiványéji álom), and Antal Bolyai in L. Németh’s The Two Bolyais (A két Bolyai). He had more than 14 feature films to his credit, such as Men on the Snow-capped Mountain (Emberek a havason); Stolen Happiness (Lopott boldogság), Romantics (Romantika), and Ravine (Szakadék). He received the titles of Merited Artist, Outstanding Artist, and the Kossuth Prize (twice). – B: 0883, 1445, T: 7103.→Trianon Peace Treaty.

Bihari, Sándor (Alexander) (Rézbánya, now Băiţa, Romania, 19 May 1856 - Budapest, 28 March 1906) – Painter. He spent his childhood at Nagyvárad (now Oradea, Romania). In 1874 he moved to Pest and attended the Art School of Bertalan Székely. From 1876 he worked in Vienna, then studied in Paris and became acquainted with the impressionist and the plain air trends. In 1885 Emperor Franz Joseph bought one of his paintings: In Crossfire (Kereszttűzben). From 1886, he worked with Lajos (Louis) Deák-Ébner at Szolnok. In 1887 he visited Venice, then in 1888 Holland and Belgium. With Bertalan Karlovszky he founded an Art School in Budapest in 1890. In the same year he also participated in the foundation of the Artist Colony of Szolnok. He became known as an outstanding painter of Hungarian rural life. His oil paintings include Before the Magistrate (Bíró előtt) (1886); Sunday Afternoon (Vasárnap délután) (1893); Old Woman (Öreg asszony) (1900), and On the Banks of the River Zagyva (A Zagyva partján) (1900). His books are Intellectual Life (Szellemi élet) (1897), and About Myself (Magamról) (1904). He was one of the greatest Hungarian genre painters. He was recipient of the Franz Joseph Prize (1896), the Vaszary Prize (1898), as well as foreign prizes. – B: 0883, 0934, T: 7103.→Székely, Bertalan; Deák-Ébner, Lajos.


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