Multirange voltmeters:
The range of the basic d.c. voltmeter can be extended by using number of multipliers clnd a selector switch. Such a meter is called multirange voltmeter
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iAHI2YRlNCiCEQfOADxUWuewCRc4L12D1lCtsE1djky8Q+wDJDtSD/QDuEII0IyhUwtFXAlH4M/Fxf0p+KgGENhitOQXHWDiUgUB5DwKkE43Fk5omHBVtC3nmXFhiB+k1hqAI8kQFCqukOAGstmJIu/0lHYE4GxVyRSBRGyA+BEiCRgLRifqiEgxeIneCdkI0ETJCEtuggHi8kWWOA0x03sZMh+SDr2Bmo8R5cLBCAsEEaeQ0ERgDsPC7CxQOVsWUNwI7BkkLCBVMMyYLSBNeyBeQdY7Bu2hr7u9h4tHRAEAQBIHhMqGFSyGR0n30jhh47jDmI8UIJlnE4G5BiOW5UhBqGJhonYoqobOCjIArwePIfhuhYUWIddi1u873iyg89G9vCY2LQyAb7ENKwCRaPEY1YFUKgUkmQRMqUwioOcIdgcLf8AULAeVuiDzCwVlq4bCnqADZTITCBERYgQQaRi4+PseUG5iu7dsrA0/e3siTc09D85C2eZY/EpLI/7z3lHsWO6wWY7XeAiuD4y9YEGQWwkAloP3IukD7dSOt1poOs/egSgWhG5gFMHxw1PrCQAzYS/HwjCBNAq0io7VMrHSkCWwJDM4S4iEXBfYAOIjj2EzinvabmJYANYvCGqAdW+helL0zy1oXAmrICexMBBRNkaGLAKScWcASAA1B8jrBtoWS2EIK11mwNBCe/TgIJFbSfmwkJ9uZJTtzKK9KUVIZMRjjBksNDkYQaoD1WLlMF/51CX9Gq7pMP5V8Qm1q8PH6xO2wMsR0milaYjBYFbEkqy9n1fcCCsLI5+hlk3VDQISXqTuZY2jmCH7Uqwb5MmsvanoXllCvkMGzImRV6Amrg2VJIRMQMCSjEVjB57cZZzhudlUsMcwUzsH84ReAIVjG745L4mQNcDch7oW2CCBVrYyAY/PvYgjJAk4KEZDyaw7JCjO0stBtWHeew5GJcHGYUXvqg+ISsqhsPEMN00XWBEeSFSn/EQbklmqPXb7TjveLtdwlrh5Jg4NJQOh6+8UStzD2owRUM9drn0cfiMZX22A+9hAWGNyKQ1ZwnAZsAfKqeFvJI09f0g3KvGRBkgv2E0WgNEiHDqcIuDEbs8d8Sx5RBhITEBacKkz18Am41QcYXCi94NXxOeUVCOI3AxDxv2IJhkMxQWCc4j38gAe4tulm8BlAyCi2aggs7AdjA8RRB7wDHp8y1w3E/IwcTiMYMhv+x4QeYBTppDbYwrIy1VsABABaNotJSvMRkTEePN1+vdg6T2OwaOIIFF4h6xbwRIGnvLG5DD3QMoq7gqj0zhWGVQIJ6QVqdPyVBZQMyaCHBKa2kr8wlBm0UPIEZfhKZQBmEpAwg4r+iBxoBDjDcECnI39fH2nTdRj0U3j+uLkWELABxsqhIxbea2wdDAx81Gwz3S+w0EGXONMq/tMr0J3onYj6gZVHD6TIHy2PsUTqMJt0kRQoAE4tlXoXhnltWuMEFVDziFbIKQ5BVhaSwrSVmi8p+ygNB5Jt6y6Zf9dmADihXGxCDu3JKnQAFG6HFMHutZeRxQ0EZY8AzjcQowOKKWVBCAsGoOx7s3Ix3JAy25uPxv5AIRmK8gs3/zYKG1tTRMKabibtBFsgQDlSCvdzg3kLgpvnsSLQCVzAj8A1hCMafKFNFmryn2cBTgIIAwbSCIiJSuLdQwCOawMxKIFTmf8ZAW3kyxomep/wB2DBWM20illCnrFtqZ9UaoIJOAglUBcoNWS22zgEkGCEPlBCCxDG5gKYmAg/gGLmswRrAg4qJZRS3CGIwMTGs1WGYN9BQ24K1PSBEpauijvwAQiUgzuXr/AHSz+AIc9D8IMLJnYgTYzIMFxwM8TvKDw95YP4JhaUK/FvYDgYp7wW/gq+0q2FpiSYwFdfePY+/8GdLP3HhOmaGhUxuA5JVHHsIheM4x+EPLYJ5/nlqLVfcP4Pu+bwgQrRlNQRARN3LuScRcwS/KhL2ijhKOAE0gcFDJRqPhQYCaC9NUqDWAjeEbav2r7giQAMLqEcXLWQGN0pERVx7CCIW1FzXO0tBjIy4LeQSMNK8x/B97z+FxRAAJogiB8MJhgTFOw3EFIh251zj2UV7QuMFiDMM2IGwkHCIFQYGPEQ4GnmITEsqh0SgRAzgnBMStEAEynZwVwDJ2oBqHxfJyLr7H8H3HPvYNOZeiC38EDrWJ6t7ahp7yx/Bc5R6t7I0k6e8rot/BEu/dvbRICQDvSVdLZn+CIng3q3gEgNUD9oVx0qfGwL5bBYxweCMOmk/Un6E/S2K/en7U/Umi6z9aabrNJEzE1hEzETMRM44444xHHH4XHHtexx776z7t7FiUQLCDCjVEDEEJCSfXnfmJCuamK+xP2j9z9Aw3nUMAwh6v3O0f3O6X3CQ29X3NZ2azsD5iwh2WsAe69ZWdXuxlTtusYY+f2Q5dwgAhCMBYyasnySwoz1WyQg0c8ArdZCT70/Swm+9AG3VT91AMg1RrhIqC1VizahIER3uduz8R12fSM+16T859St8D62H7x9So/S/U/VH1AH6H1Cf4D6n7o+pQ9xfUAux7QAxu2kJbB5fSAYXccIFo9zpDgdhpKZdppChDutIE15P1RYXZcJVpMODsUN8wh2bCR/6h/9oADAMBAAIAAwAAABDzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzyh/rzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzjzzzDzzzyDGdLTzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzdjpY05y545Gc1v74LzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzypR5zzzzzzywhQTTzyPzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzi2bzzzzzzzzzhcbzzwPzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzypLwLbLLLLZaXc7lba4fzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzgjz/rasvzzidQ5xwxxqasuNygfzjDzzzzzzzTzzzzzzzzzzzxsCzgY7zyTTzzzzzzzwVjzyiP65457676paPzzzzzzzzzzzyrzzj/zzx6rbzzzzzSAj/zzwDzzzzzzzyh4Lzzzzzzzzzzzz7zyxzz4L8Z5lwBihKP2HI5IvzzzzzzzyqobzzzzzzzzzzzzpzzzzAbchTxzzzzzwxICzyyDzzzzzzzwhwLzzzzzzzzzzzyhzzzwpZQxrTzzzzzzwdLzzgLzzzzzzzxyeLDzzzzzzzzTzy7TzzzzzzxiNLzzzxtvMrTyiLzzzzzzzyzKwLzzzzzzzzzzwSrzzzzzzzzwC766wZrO+04x7zzzzzzzyilJnhTzzzzzzzzzxzzzzzzzzzzzzzzywwxzzzzzzzzzzzzzjvLqw7DTzzzzzzy5TzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzwyXrzzzzzzzzzzz7zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzxOzzrjjjDTjzzy5zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzwrzoi2UpnmBzzy7zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzyLzzzxzzzzzzzz7TzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzybzzzzzzzzzzjAdb7rb7jbzzrrzzzzzTjzDDDDDDDDTjzzzyPzzzzzzzzzzxx4/74556bo+6657Y64Y5666774676544446bzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz77574J757577577777777777777777zzzzzzzzzz/8QAIBEAAQMEAgMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQARUBAgQGAwMSFBcP/aAAgBAwEBPxDQ2TRDzZjzEi45LJk3OSiUanICPeD6tOruukPC6o9DwhGAL2nhEMYkBAWmZPw4yb1dPsYgjjOn1H//xAAdEQADAAEFAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAREQICEwMVBA/9oACAECAQE/EPlZfOp148zCEO8LfE8BuHfHdK+57i454TYlNFKjY2NiouHimxV9VKUuuaoJCQllfbOXe6YiEIQhCEIQny94vBfE7wsbm5GRm5Ds7O8bm/E/BTT8a8y+h8XRdTY3pXHUL54QhNSEILimOthvzOsLfE4n4Zbcj8JZvE/FSxuQg0LQ/PfnspSoubml+dc0JiIiIiIiIiIiIQhCIhCEIQhCEIQhCEJ7X//EACsQAQACAQIEBAYDAQAAAAAAAAEAESExQVFhcYEQIECRMKGxwdHwUGDh8f/aAAgBAQABPxD+JZnwFLBaKEZF1N14xa9GGn9bZxKLM4agA4plldNNLGnJByUTIEcrbSH9Y1eGsXKFSsM1wggEAC6TeA2C2w2pnFx/olYwQ0osHrHHE41FoB1Y1ClKZPOtQb4fBYJol3fN7qE0gjKKhlhtxg4ZuUOnplB9TgY4xAUXTZe3OZuiIAlQ76wf0NAFeTbJ82O87kBs1OikURo2apQK94OvkWAxroLLoMvYhqjx3D+h0hjakJ4xfHaXFlWjqQKphhjObOjU4awz9D6wQojsf7RuMlaaHzmE5eH+8tAV8X8sStKlm74juH3Ra192/eAVBa8mfZuHlXR10vbrKCzU9a+6Ev8ALCrJfmhD0agdszT3VHxChcoh1Zp6xRpArNK4wIb2ADjTaC0RY9aLGouUtc3QjSao3CbWWGizGkH85slepqB3Wi9suOcEOkVVCujwzNMY8PeS+2rK9BwA63AhlbnJv0YhviFPnjEXOaBEQRaVW83fxrzVAJL8yqGCq9nuEOsEZsBRGNofWGvSfdD3AADhWIZEHkyAw9gQg7f3iFlyvbbqccPnB2DAbAaeFeNgBgOufxAA/nCyWjjwga5pD3JfmzYCW7UQAD/MG8nsRsI3Q/W9oJNCM+7ZgUAByPjMCS3ycLXEACiNsWpqcErEQcSxvu39ptem7cJeGeht729/MQahxo6D+cPtKsorsg4wODoaLhfJD6YsRZ45H2gAAAG0o9ExlV1YBokKkWjZW4pHPwQLVXI3fzTNdZK78Di8o9yKhqlZ3Dl1gE06K+bzlHpGMrVb1aNLH7UeRB1yoRviLihuyWL2Cw89puvsGGn80xy2O4nHkY+kt8MNC6Dzy4gUaemHyAst5APpFEGxco1Mm9fdlWWx4uTmt6sPO6RpkgfzVxWHbBDnmp7DN/T9JTOnizAxgWXThBv4yxEbd0hLoPr+UtgLDIsvZ3reXyyaw3JdY/TFxbGkLjztU0FlcsyD5VeGdTUsjT+aOaGHLOl8pSwEFd/JSgBwGsRTtFjt4blQJibEK44eUa9XEoPkGWaNgFn90B1xL9JU5DKqyzMMCjsTdBtE7IspF6IIKOHAQ/zMS1Psgu72RAtVxrGn7eNPVGBVqMd4MqmtX3Fb7QSRubxVXcLonPyn5T5x0CxacMoemowyV37xLjF3rmhAsySDVnsBO8Si0Ba3oTMyBrV/ETcl3QJSmV0XUIJABbjCjmk8DFcK+38ayryC9WoNl/BqMMTUdkfVDUi85ksvLk3K8jDd3ghN4G6gYMyIcQGrlXEJSFS5XQbG1El829jmgDF3P6XKZbycf8oAhS6n+EWVbn9NIrR/Q5RIGo5YHWfAGaL5CXcuIMPGEcUI0qJv3HTVZPZIelcm1EsXTXKPyRo9poCWCtsI9S7Vm8JeSQjtAqan3AjNC8ugFn6Q2MipoQPQe2KFLnCs2CnhWWfgQ+JBYCs4fxjL/WxY4b6xYDsOQ4eC6BZbRqq6EY6ATAHhFd/TxD8ef8xEKH6GX6J2y78SBTZslbkkFwbF7mIcvMWxYHcSmXKBtFmynY3PKcFCpWuATKCboLZHyV8Fhu5XwaO6p+YiwUJguPd4NXi4Rqy94xZEq8Zz0ZYeVPQgyDS2KyxE5eTXeX6Bxn1CX4MN3V4sC1w0iQdAgAcRzgCCt1P8pfr+lygwQ0xj8MUb9v8ABFgY8CfaLfjTSgj1wOSOaC3E6rzuHmdog40d9tPowLGkjI25EbnkbNBR2PjVB2iZTG8VDoOopk6panUaPpCV5mBE64bh7VKkQLsqajT0/wAxHBDgCGwHWf8AExuVr9aQMU5suRAaLCUR+cYRlnOZUUbpX3qBjmeKPxAab8Zx/Ez0+2/EqqQ0figTfv8A4IFKQ6gfaBt39b/aFt/L/GFATd+GCNAWzXI6X+x4QAYjKw9CHqWFIBFdFq/SCOPUqvC+Vg5O4BB94NcjCrGV5lrMX61gL4WoOqF0XAgrSK3j8dmdpitNS9ZRendgFtJghhhlOUZ2bOjDh5mO1UN3o6EM+CoiiIWD1TrQ04VyexOOkQhNfMu8oRcMnZyhDktI4N8hv5kWI3vYsuu0qWxW8J1LupvauQrJD0DmMNV09w84xZhI7i6eMNDJacrImyUe80efn27Jp6JlZIN2YHR4FZFD4g9VTjhtXtHafvTynEBWeZBVq6QDppKoGuqsqubz8yohaFWRdPCV1/dBBiQY0F0a5TF9ISkrSdfdrLb6/DYrhEjpsvkElzs9EJBLlsYvBDHGKiEXvOj+FjzbwXlxoTo9E6SrOKQ3gEMAuD1V8FNHpMP2MeWpXmqJZUGzVA4Jp/e8QjZV8vrOIA6e0ozEbhojJ0dYh33k9A073AnAWjAZzS7MOaiZK9FlliacYm0m8xFqTXARC1w8sUKNNkQ1DOIYMpTyM/4qcX2MD8CoKrQV3i6K6lsbOn1RGwBavCGFQkW4DY72sHldQ5Lv2I5wEowv2FPdKNFuHMp3ZoAvFuvuhfaX2mjN0bgXRuVqU5Swuh3jyBfG5YZPRbJStAQlEoU1+xCVzvb5w9Uglr+xBX6WPhhFdoSt0vWZ9bVcXw6+B2/9EVD8ntCT1zr/AKS0hLwqfqHtNHgxfPmjNcOscqyqo1QGtQNtK2rnL4HVK7bGkLKUsgsX9qzLtT4VT7xcKs0y/M4YVWj+ZZvv5a4tdYv9W0a7D7wUWlHRHQswq0GqbQJHWB1tr2F94bQzx2QhVYEuhROyVGrN6jHcTFqaKY1hv2a949GFWRXHXeB4g9v02Qtqja31zFnS6fngWGOJKnq8dJzdYZ9ExG9B8z8zB8IDiGV7/RnFComdvuw9VeeivmgoHb6HwmV8c+UTQZ/yWrBS23Gxl0isvwNAKpaS9yIx9DRCgu81bEOnXxr4NeDGerImK53K+sdL2I7EjYfcBqungpULm3cPzEJUTRHeUmXQplNe/wBiEqVK8HsDJ7JgV6FmJ1wQBaI8/tKhgaPNt+vhigUOWoOvqqti1yqZKug+A6R1CkCgL7rs7Q2BW4iY7AhL1hypodkWBT6TPMaeqCDatCrgmV1mso+PXgxJRvGqpFa1PCvPfkK1teL+8fRHS+E4NFriEDwKhAeNB6qmIunNci/lLZeD6fAdovEwbKHP0knXDrHTNXYDsh85GDYa5YPfwQlM2oVdmwmNvRbN9TkwASxLG4egYBtWuAKskAyLaZZXGVtEPgVW1DZcpFb+hZloJwC1VvugweplicCsJWvWW+stG4UUOV94UA0XL2g9VUtrr01J8sfT4KDGN6bsuW8SGwOEHjQ4AawQk+qjnnUeqWGrse7NIZPj8EA/ETKxbfeDNquZneurW0fFo2KWpeYq4Z8zFJuzSk9E1iAZCDVrCiuzChMROQQCTqUQIvFC9yAJ0QT1AM7k+SUrOD4VSvKw4zOjbaAjXBQGLatzkxXv8N0lIQ0Srn4BAw2U4pQSgnBevBdaafKaIxVEHdgnTolnmYDVGEccweiq/G7kN4QPkFlabaQLQgW2TG3L0It6TfzKADWronyB6GoeZqFhjjfzgo9nJzCujRjmmwYrnLgCsCUmpn4LBBIsar6jNRfe4Cp529oTrQLXhGDCYXbj3sITZI7AWxeNOCGgHyRlNaN3YPmweYHqsMe0HlY3Uo0e8Ho2Bb3olroGY5XClNQ5t4vfEsl71BFhRYkCvTsdpPN5BupQYG3agh6JBTrBaFhTeocXKWsbAkDxsw9I2DqN/wDMUvVrb/Ma+T9Maw66AMN+4bt9orySAC5jckCK7xr+0M7AmY0WjaUEVWuk4Ha5aUozgzewh9BBVoOH5QP7AMpaQqg2+Xt9riq6XOoj9RK1o9wzjy5FJZA1czXFcj7zNYV6jQQptHMtKNb3J1C67QUU4XyLCZGr06QKOPonSJERQGC6w31MQm5i2zkvOWibEBSG+IrZ6hy9tY4otq/81wlNZgNxi1KXqTf0jmOUptDQ1/cflFWptN8Vv6O0PR1KDbzV41HQCIiOkSLDqsF49oqzMSQZA3ZW+xiIZaNkqAL1QsT+IrdXJejs+9TJUmN6Ud0eRXhXo2Vjb5aAIH3gYw3K2G5HEa9iFYlgCkaFlQJFCCWtz0uIuGot6q+lRot1WVqosld7UMRwbwgVzbG186r0o0x6SHHlSwLgsC3Mr3b9elwKxKlVKJUqAKAHA9TozKftiN9UHy2lD+WNNnAGADpFTAPLdwr5xdAB9HCaIbSl5Jh2zCAMIkfcxdINnAajIT0O1u7wccIp9mTiPot4UCQbuWvvFZp/PseGJssOU/dofGBfrwJncZqsKMQuB2tQHOI8zPKp2GV5lLkHhUq5Aj4uR94y2tlNedHcWqdiUwDQh6E3+9jNHof0AgiCPKWrO1L3eONJidnG6wttxfSG/ZAoId1madxfIlyvSIco5Y6JouX9CLUNLdyJpLg+n3hlKBS1snsf0I4ZmyDFRXa2/mElnSFz7+oxXn9KH9CrDruJHjvN6gHNm9PCOAAQQtB0ZSplLsxkitQApDYOHvrBRarnzg2XcGXZvHBUV4Fq+qXmLRa0QeOO/wABDbH+hEyuk3sSPHeFiUVoVu0PhPKFYDYtot1GI2UaDdQoW6b6TGXG3WQYwPYdq9cWXxmu4yCIDzg8tI7WxVHcz7xXjYwBI5hsUJWsV5vqIdYePbs3teYq1BcgKZLwvymP9VZyy96hL07aNBjTyVCUQJBT1SCgBR0v4DMAcTgsof0FlDBrMPIP2JFQNyuh2b5xN5aSSwUTZYjz94VrB2nqb73DTyKzmUuAzW8u9AhpT5Clj8yvxW9QBrR7RAoHOJZNNmw40jZ2hzgDNEKnzlUb6poWhbUrMxNorqzuj9dtVoZuhq+iWEAIzjK5mLkm/maV2aPGB0/oLNZypnlqbSpUo8KPCpWZRp8NSKqR0IIRWlf0Fjrod4xfeHqjcIpbPRO4r+gsJiCOVI9TcIDCNTyRAKuhT/QWACrtQNPUsy8ODDZi/wBawUT1sa5PlX9CvZlfThYKGGijTuZf/wB1qPmTwd7yy5sHolaGTrKGeSVYb+mI6+zghZUatYNo3QTL9jP+Vn/KTje2n/IQQsc6IJp7hP8AoSwvF1mP70vfvTYovCUlGU4ymYM4ReFwCYZR3lKl9faXmpcvl5BYass454XKSzxLly5cuXLly5fhcuXLly/G/gqsmYm3p68GXFU5jBCsaCj3msXrVvL+Uu19z8oKADUAfeAkO5+Sb1/NvinQen5oRXZfmmVg4sWOrRZNNcMcAlrOEyRQF8AjBQHSAZ6hmh2zwg8Fts0AVXdSphCNjj+VEwQ/trEFL+P+kdi/9N4mIqmIWejMAKGx/tANgN4+9FbOmblZXlbgs3liJVXSV/qoLjR3wlYB3GWJ1tY95NWs46p+0Ay9V/mafbd/qoO9G80YfSVtl3tgOinOWszdFQZLbrghaxp1A00ez/Ex1RzpGYMhpICmYJt7us1opJgRrLxmBQMpVp1H4LgEWy8rBpeSEABdTLBbXzyTRxua8YiyOVzwygN63xSDa3HcFiRzmJENKqyv2izCMfpU43ZL7RctPI/DByyOGtVtD1mnkrz38bHhXkv0NeNfBry1/cv/2Q==)
The R:, R2, R) and R~ are the four series multipliers. When connected in series with the meter, they can give four different voltage ranges as V1, V2,V3, and V4. The selector switch S is multiposition switch by which the required multiplier can be selected in the circuit.
The mathematical analysis of basic d.c. voltmeter is equally applicable for such multirange
voltmeter. Thus,
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