Technoprenuership1 17
Membership is not restricted it must be open to anyone who fulfils
the qualifications laid down Each member of the cooperative has an equal vote in how it is to be run
Surpluses,
or profits, are shared between the members, pro-rata to their participation.
4.2 Background In the 18
th and 19
th
centuries, working people formed many self-help groups to cope with poverty and hardships. Cooperatives were part of this movement, and were established either from above, by those seeking to spread
a philosophy of cooperation, or at the grassroots by working people themselves in an effort to improve their conditions.
4.3 Types of Co-operatives ab Endowed co-operative: This is when some owners transfer their business to their employees, either as philanthropic gesture or an attempt to keep the firm going e.g. if the owner has no heir. This is a relatively uncommon form. b)
Defensive co-
operative: If an enterprise
is threatened with closure, employees have formed cooperatives in a desperate attempt to keep their company alive and their jobs with it. Cooperatives of this type have been small in number but have often commanded considerable publicity. c)
Job-
creation cooperative In times of high unemployment, increasing numbers of cooperatives have been setup to create new jobs through support from government sponsored job schemes.
db Alternative co-
operative: This is the most common form of modern cooperative, arising from various alternative movements, emphasizing social and environmental needs rather than profit.
INNOVATION Misinterpretations of Innovation Innovation is widely recognized as a crucial factor in successful Small business management and a key entrepreneurial activity. But innovation has been misinterpreted.
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