Turning Princes into Pages: Sixteenth-Century Literary Representations of Thomas Cardinal
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391 McMullan, p. 16. 392 McMullan, p. 28-32 393 Fletcher, p. 179. The Duke’s Company’s patronage by the future James II came during a period of outward Anglican conformity, but James’s subsequent Catholic conversion unsettles any definitive claims we might make about James’s role in politicizing Wolsey’s role. 394 Fletcher, p. 181. 395 Fletcher, p. 181. 396 Fletcher, p. 181. 397 Fletcher, p. 182. The effect of a female Wolsey is worth briefly commenting on: a female Wolsey juxtaposed with an aggressively masculine Buckingham would draw out the tension between these two characters. This casting would also highlight the intimate partnership between Wolsey and Henry. 398 Fletcher, p. 185. 399 Fletcher, p. 190. 400 Doran in McMullan, p. 54. 401 Russell Jackson, “Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon, 1996-98; or the Search for a Policy” in Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), p. 191. 402 Jackson, p. 192. 403 The second Duke of Norfolk died in 1524, and in the play is conflated with his son Thomas, who became the third duke on his father’s death. 405 Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, s.v. “file.” 406 Lynne Magnusson, Shakespeare and Social Dialogue: Dramatic Language and Elizabethan Letters (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 1999), p. 22. 407 William Shakespeare, Mr. William Shakespeares comedies, histories, & tragedies (London, I. Jaggard and E. Blount, 1623), p. 206. 408 Foxe, 1570, p. 1122. 409 Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. Rufus Goodwin (Boston: Dante University Press, 2003), p. 92. 410Edmund Spenser, “Maye,” in Shepheardes Calendar, (London: Matthew Lownes, 1611), p. 19-20. 411 McMullan, footnote to ll. 158-160, p. 225. 412 See Chapter I. 413 The chronology of the play does not match the historical record, as is indicated by the difficulty in identifying who exactly the Lord Chamberlain is meant to be: Charles Somerset, first Earl of Worcester (c.1460-1526), was Lord Chamberlain until his death, but Lord Sandys took up the position after 1526. Yet both these men appear onstage together throughout the play, even well after the events of 1526 have passed. The playwrights telescoped the time between events for dramatic effect, resulting in occasional historical inaccuracies or moments of confusion. The same problem arises again with the inclusion of both the Duke of Suffolk and a separate ‘Brandon’ character later in the play. 414 Figures taken from George Mason University’s Open Source Shakespeare project at http://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/. 415 Sir Robert Dallington, View of Fraunce (London: Simon Stafford, 1604), f. 138. 416 Raphael Holinshed, Chronicles, 1587 edn. p. 922. 417 Gordon McMullan, note to l. 86, p. 264. 418 For more information on Pace’s illness and Wolsey’s alleged role in exacerbating it, see Fletcher, p. 119. 419 McMullan, note to ll. 128-134, p. 288. 420 Quoted in Janette Dillon, The Cambridge Introduction to Early English Theatre (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 207. 421 See McMullan’s note to ll. 0.6-9. 422 Holinshed (1587), p. 921. 423 McMullan, note to 2.4, p. 299. 424 For more information on legatine regalia, see Caeremoniale Episcoporum (1984), especially sections pertaining to archiepiscopal crosses (p. 62 and 79). Wolsey’s choice of processionary pillars and crosses may not be proscribed specifically by contemporary sources, but there appears to have been no contemporary consensus (or attempt at consensus) to limit his choice of regalia. The use of these crosses appears to go back to the tenth Ordo Romanus in the eleventh century. 425 Michael Woodcock, ‘“Their eyes more attentive to the show”: Spectacle, tragedy and the structure of All is True (Henry VIII)’, Shakespeare 7:1 (2011), 1-15. 426 Introduction to Henry VIII in Shakespeare, William, The Complete Plays and Poems of William Shakespeare: New Cambridge Edition, ed. by Charles Jarvis Hill and William Allan Neilson (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), p. 905. 427 Foxe, 1570, p. 1929. 428 Biblia Sacra, Vulgatæ Editionis, 5th edn., (Tournai: Soc. S. Johannis Evang., 1894). Secundum Mattheum VI:24. 429 Biblia, trans. Miles Coverdale (Antwerp: Martin de Keyser, 1535), Mathew chapt. 6, f. 4. 430 ODNB, s.v. “Fletcher, John”. 431 McMullan, footnote to l. 213. 432 Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, s.v. “jade.” 433 McMullan, footnote to ll. 297-298. 434 LP, 6075, p. 2713. 435 McMullan, footnote to ll. 440-457, pp. 361-362. 436 Holinshed, 1587, p. 917 437 Cardinal Allen (1532–1594) was an exiled prelate who worked amongst the Elizabethan Romanist diaspora to achieve the reconversion of England. See ODNB, s.v. “Allen, William”. 438 See Appendix One, item 19. 439 Jerome Barlowe and William Roye, Rede Me and Be Nott Wrothe, ed. Douglas H. Parker (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992), f. a1r, ll.1-2. 441 Fletcher, pp. 156-157. 442 Fletcher, p. 159. 443 Fletcher, p. 163. 445 Cavendish, f.67, p. 133. 446 Fletcher, pp. 6-7. 447 See ODNB, “Wolsey, Thomas”; Gwyn, p. 1; Cavendish, f. 5, p. 4; Guy, p. 83; Fletcher, p. 6. 448 Fletcher, p. 6. 449 Gwyn, p. 2. 450 Guy, p. 84. 451 Guy, p. 84. 452 Gwyn, p. 2. 453 Fletcher, p. 11. 454 Guy, p. 84. 455 Fletcher, pp. 14-15. Also see Cavendish, f.6v, p. 7. 456 Cavendish, ff. 6v-7v, pp. 8-9. 457 Fletcher, p. 16. 458 As Gwyn details, the assumption that Wolsey was named almoner in November 1509 is erroneous: the L&P (1.1, it. 253) mentions a grant to Wolsey as almoner on this date, but that does not indicate anything about the date of his appointment other than the logical inference that it must have preceded this grant. See Gwyn, p. 4 and Fletcher, p. 18. 459 Fletcher, p. 18; Gwyn, p. 4. 460 Guy, p. 84. 461 Quoted in Guy, p. 84. 462 Fletcher, p. 29. 463 Guy, p. 88. 464 Guy, p. 89. 465 Guy, p. 89. 466 Jonathan Foyle, “A Reconstruction of Thomas Wolsey’s Great Hall at Hampton Court Palace” in Architectural History, Vol. 45 (2002), p. 129 467 John Skelton, “Why come ye nat to courte?” in John Skelton: The Complete English Poems, ed. by John Scattergood (London: Penguin Books, 1983), p. 289, ll. 401-404. 468 A particular example of this was the case of Richard Hunne, a London tailor who was found hanged after bringing suits against Richard Fitzjames, the bishop of London. The case immediately became a focal point for concerns about an overly independent clergy, and Wolsey carefully washed his hands of the matter by deferring the entire debate to Rome. For more, see Fletcher, pp. 39-40. 469 Guy, p. 89. 470 Fletcher, p. 43. 471 Guy, p. 90. 472 See Guy, pp. 90-95. 473 Guy, p. 97. 474 Guy, p. 96. 475 Guy, p. 97. 476 Fletcher, p. 84. For more on the alleged conflict between the Howards and Wolsey, see ch. 1 of Greg Walker’s John Skelton and the Politics of the 1520s. 477 A. F. Pollard, Wolsey (London: Fontana, 1965), p. 113. 478 Pollard, p. 114. 479 Also known as Laurence/Lorenzo Campeggio (or Campeggi). His Latinized name is used throughout this thesis for clarity, as this was how he was referred to by most contemporary writers. 480A Papal envoy of the highest rank, who is empowered to act with the authority of the Pope himself. These legates were normally appointed temporarily to complete a specific task. Not to be confused with a legate a natus, an ecclesiastic officer given authority over a particular area (ecclesiastic or geographic) by virtue of his office (for example, Wolsey as archbishop of York). 481 Fletcher, p. 59. 482 Guy, p. 114. 483 For a more detailed discussion, see Fletcher, pp. 69-99. 484 Fletcher, p. 80. 485 Fletcher, p. 67. 486 Fletcher, p. 68. 487 L&P, Vol. 3.1, it. 1213. Quoted in Gwyn, p. 146. 488 Fletcher, p. 75. 489 Gwyn, p. 156. 490 Gwyn, p. 387. 491 Fletcher, p. 103. 492 See Fletcher, p. 102, and ONDB, s.v. ‘Alcock, John’. 493 Gwyn, p. 477. 494 Gwyn, p. 478. 495 Fletcher, p. 103. 496 Guy, p. 102. 497 Guy, p. 103. 498 Fletcher, p. 115. 499 Fletcher, p. 105. 500 Fletcher, p. 108. 501 Fletcher, p. 129. 502 Gwyn, p. 502. 503 Fletcher, p. 129. 504 Gwyn, pp. 503-504. 505 Gwyn, p. 481. 506 Fletcher, p. 105. 507 Fletcher, p. 125. 508 Fletcher, pp. 156-157. 509 Fletcher, p. 159. 510 Fletcher, p. 163. 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