Table A-3 provides a summary of some of the technical characteristics of the modulation methods discussed in this summary.
TABLE A-3. CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS MODULATION METHODS.
|
Characteristic
|
PCM/FM with single symbol detection
|
PCM/FM with multi-symbol detection
|
FQPSK-B,
FQPSK-JR, SOQPSK-TG
|
ARTM CPM
|
Occupied Bandwidth
|
1.16 bit rate
|
1.16 bit rate
|
0.78 bit rate
|
0.56 bit rate
|
Sensitivity
(Eb/N0 for BEP=1e-5)
|
11.8-15+ dB
|
9.5 dB
|
11.8-12.2 dB
|
12.5 dB
|
Synchronization time
|
100 to 10,000 bits
|
250 bits
|
5,000 to 30,000 bits
|
30,000 to 150,000 bits
|
Synchronization threshold level (Eb/N0)
|
3 to 4 dB
|
2 dB
|
4.5 to 5 dB
|
8.5 dB
|
Phase noise susceptibility*
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
Co-channel interference susceptibility*
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
* 1=Best, 2=Second Best, 3=Third Best, 4=Worst
| 8.0 FQPSK-B and FQPSK-JR Characteristics
|
Figure A-14. OQPSK modulator.
|
Feher’s-patented quadrature phase shift keying35, 36 (FQPSK‑B and FQPSK‑JR) modulations are a variation of offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK). OQPSK is described in most communications textbooks. A generic OQPSK (or quadrature or I & Q) modulator is shown in Figure A-14. In general, the odd bits are applied to one channel (say Q), and the even bits are applied to the I channel.
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)
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Figure A-15. I & Q constellation.
| If the values of I and Q are ±1, we get the diagram shown in Figure A‑15. For example, if I=1 and Q=1 then the phase angle is 45 degrees {(I,Q) = (1, 1)}. A constant envelope modulation method, such as minimum shift keying (MSK), would follow the circle indicated by the small dots in Figure A-15 to go between the large dots. In general, band-limited QPSK and OQPSK signals are not constant envelope and would not follow the path indicated by the small dots but rather would have a significant amount of amplitude variation, however FQPSK‑B and FQPSK‑JR are nearly constant envelope and essentially follow the path indicated by the small dots in Figure A-15.
The typical implementation of FQPSK-B or FQPSK‑JR involves the application of data and a bit rate clock to the baseband processor of the quadrature modulator. The data are differentially encoded and converted to I and Q signals as described in Chapter 2. The I and Q channels are then cross-correlated, and specialized wavelets are assembled that minimize the instantaneous variation of (I2(t) + Q2(t)). The FQPSK-B baseband wavelets are illustrated in Figure A‑16.
The appropriate wavelet is assembled based on the current and immediate past states of I and Q. Q is delayed by one-half symbol (one bit) with respect to I as shown in
Figure A-17.
Figure A-16. FQPSK wavelet eye diagram.
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Figure A-17. FQPSK-B I & Q eye
diagrams (at input to IQ modulator).
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