Intertropical Convergence Zone in the South Atlantic and the equatorial cold tongue



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Figure 4. July near surface wind divergence and precipitation from SSMI and COADS. The boxes show the SITCZ and the cold tongue index regions. The inlays present climatological rainfall averaged over the SITCZ area. The COADS panel shows also the TRMM rainfall.

Figure 5. (a) July wind divergence in the SITCZ index region and SST difference between the cold tongue and the SITCZ regions. Dashed line is a linear fit to 10 years of data excluding of 1990, 1992-93, and 1997. Vertical bars are the limits of in the SITCZ index region from LN model calculated using 20 years of SST data. The projection of the year-to-year change of the SST difference between the SITCZ and cold tongue regions on the year-to-year change of (b,d) the near surface wind divergence, Div; (c) precipitation, Prec; (e) sea level pressure, Pres.

Figure 6. July SST (top) and wind divergence predicted with Lindzen and Nigam [1987] model (bottom).

Figure 7. (a) July and (b) January sea surface salinity, S, averaged between 350W and 200W versus latitude. Vertical bars are standard deviations of the measurements within 10 latitude bands. Locations of observation points between 350W and 200W for (c) July and (d) January. (e) July surface currents based on historical ship drift.

Figure 8. Latitude-time diagrams of the TRMM seasonal rainfall and surface salinity averaged 350W – 200W. Note that the two data sets are not contemporaneous. White line in the left panel is 36 ppt salinity contour.





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