Jv packet •Mars Colonization Affirmative •Mars Colonization Negative
Article: Space Travel Has Many Health Risks
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Article: Space Travel Has Many Health RisksNational Geographic Magazine: Health Risks Pose Hurdle for Mission to Mars. May, 18th, 2001. Humans may soon be on their way to Mars. But human safety is paramount in space missions. Depending on its orbit, Mars can be 500 times farther from Earth than the moon. Traveling such a long distance poses health problems never faced before. Being weightless for the entire mission would cause degeneration of muscles, bones, and the heart. And without a vigorous exercise program, an astronaut would likely experience heart problems because his or her heart would become too weak to pump blood upon returning to Earth and its gravitation. Another issue that must be addressed is the huge amount of radiation exposure that occurs outside the atmosphere. Gary Marin, director for advanced programs at the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), said, "Being away from Earth for three years would mean that every cell of your body would be transversed by a galactic ray, and we just don't know what that would do to people." Chemically propelled engines, which are currently used for space flights, would not be able to carry enough fuel for the spacecraft to turn around and return to Earth if a problem such as trauma or serious illness occurred on board. NASA is now looking into ways to deal with some of the physical risks. But psychological problems are harder to solve with technology. Astronauts would be confined in the spacecraft for most of the mission. As Richard Berendzen, a scientist at American University, observed, "Five or six of your closest friends in a room the size of your living room for three years, that's a tough thing to do." Scientists have discovered evidence that water may have existed on Mars, and may still be present under the surface. The availability of water is crucial to a mission to Mars because it might help provide the basic elements people need to remain on the planet for an extended period. "That water is very important to us," said Berendzen speaking on National Geographic Today. "Not only to drill down and drink, but to pump up, break the H2O apart, use the oxygen to breath and the hydrogen for fuel." The possibility that there is water on Mars suggests that even more intriguing findings may lie ahead. The presence of water is an indication of energy sources, and very likely organic matter. Berendzen said that if evidence of past forms of life were found, "It would probably be the most stunning discovery in the history of humankind." While going to Mars would clearly offer a minefield of discoveries, carrying out such a mission at this time has too high a risk for the people who would make such a journey. As research continues, however, the dream of a trip to Mars will inevitably become a reality. SETI Affirmative SETI AffirmativeMars Colonization Affirmative 2 Explanation 3 Glossary 4 1AC [1/6] 5 1AC [2/6] 6 1AC [3/6] 7 1AC [4/6] 8 1AC [5/6] 9 1AC [6/6] 10 Overview Effect Advantage 11 Inherency Extensions 12 Extinction Inevitable – Human Weapons 13 Extinction Inevitable – Asteroids 14 Extinction Inevitable – Overpopulation 16 Answers To: War in Space 17 Overview Effect Extensions 18 Overview Effect Extensions 19 Solvency Extensions 20 Answers To: Can’t Establish a Colony Fast Enough 21 Answer To: Health Risks in Space 22 Answers To: Colonization Technologically Impossible 23 Answers To: Colonization Technologically Impossible 24 Answers To: Privatization DA / CP 25 Article: Why Spaceflight Has Ended 26 Article: Why We Must Return to Space 28 Article: Why a Mars Colony Would Be Possible 31 Mars Colonization Negative 38 Glossary 39 Answers To: Inherency 40 Answers To: Colonization Advantage 41 Answers To: Colonization Advantage 42 Answers To: Colonization Advantage 43 Answers To: Colonization Advantage 44 Answers To: Humans Will Cause Extinction 45 Answers To: Overpopulation Will Cause Extinction 46 Answers To: Asteroids Will Cause Extinction 47 Answers To: Overview Effect Advantage 48 Answers To: Overview Effect Advantage 49 Answers To: Solvency 50 Answers To: Solvency 51 Answers To: Solvency 52 Answers To: Solvency 53 Article: Why We Should Not Seek to Colonize Mars 54 Article: Space Travel Has Many Health Risks 57 SETI Affirmative 59 Explanation 60 Glossary 61 1AC [1/6] 62 1AC [2/6] 63 1AC [3/6] 64 1AC [4/6] 65 1AC [5/6] 66 1AC [6/6] 67 Extraterrestrial Perspective Advantage 68 Extraterrestrial Perspective Advantage 69 Space Debris Advantage 70 Space Debris Advantage 71 Space Debris Advantage 72 Inherency Extensions 73 Alien Contact Extensions – Aliens Exist 74 Alien Contact Extensions – Alien Contact Good 75 Extraterrestrial Perspective Extensions 76 Space Debris Extensions – ATA Helps Tracking 77 Space Debris Extensions – Plan Mitigates Debris 78 Space Debris Extensions – Debris Impacts 79 Solvency Extensions – ATA Leads to Contact 80 Solvency Extensions – Radio Searching Best 81 Solvency Extensions – Can Identify Alien Signals 82 Answers To: Privatization DA / CP 83 Article: The Allen Telescope Array 84 Article: Overview of SETI’s History 86 SETI Negative 91 Glossary 92 Answers to: Inherency 93 Answers to: Inherency 94 Answers to: Alien Contact Advantage 95 Answers To: Alien Contact Advantage 96 Answers To: Alien Contact Advantage 97 Answers To: Alien Contact Advantage 98 Answers To: Extraterrestrial Perspective Advantage 99 Answers To: Extraterrestrial Perspective Advantage 100 Answers To: Space Debris Advantage 101 Answers To: Space Debris Advantage 102 Answers To: Space Debris Advantage 103 Answers To: Solvency 104 Answers To: Solvency 105 Answers To: Solvency 106 Answers To: Solvency 107 Article: Aliens Don’t Exist 108 Article: Problems With Alein Communication 110 NASA Tradeoff Disadvantage 113 Explanation 114 Glossary 115 Budget Tradeoff 1NC [1/2] 116 Budget Tradeoff 1NC [2/2] 117 Overview 119 Uniqueness – NASA Focusing on Earth Science 120 Uniqueness – NASA Focusing on Earth Science 121 Link - Space Exploration Trades off With Earth Science 122 Link - Space Exploration Trades off With Earth Science 123 Specific Link – Colonization Affirmative 124 Specific Link – Constellation Affirmative 126 Specific Link – SETI Affirmative 127 Specific Link – Asteroids Affirmative 128 Impact – Earth Science Solves Global Warming 129 Impacts – Earth Science Solves Global Warming 130 Impact – Warming Causes Extinction 131 Impact – Warming is Man Made 132 Impact – Warming Not Inevitable 133 Article: The State of NASA’s Budget 134 Article: Space Science, Earth Science and Politics 136 NASA Tradeoff DA Affirmative 138 Glossary 139 Uniqueness – NASA Overbudget now 140 Uniqueness – Earth Science Not Funded Now 141 Uniqueness – Earth Science Not Funded Now 142 No Link – Tradeoff Happens Between Agencies 143 No Link – Budget Flexibility now 144 Link Turn – Spending Increases the Budget 145 No Impact – NASA Program Unnecessary 146 No Impact – Warming Not Caused by Humans 147 No Impact – Warming Inevitable 148 Privatization Disadvantage 150 Explanation 151 Glossary 152 Privatization DA 1NC [1/2] 153 Privatization DA 1NC [2/2] 154 Overview 155 Uniqueness – Privatization Occuring Now 156 Uniqueness – Privatization Occuring Now 157 Links – NASA Crowds Out Private Sector 158 Links – NASA Crowds Out Private Sector 159 Links – NASA Crowds Out Private Sector 160 Impact – Economic Growth 161 Impact – Leadership 162 Impact – Turns Case 163 Impact – Turns Case 164 Article: NASA and the Privatization of Space 165 Privatization DA Affirmative 169 Glossary 170 Uniqueness – Private Sector Doesn’t Exist 171 Uniqueness – Private Sector Doesn’t Exist 172 Link Turn – Government Action Spurs the Private Sector 173 Link Turn – Government Action Spurs the Private Sector 174 No Impact – Privatization Won’t Achieve Goals 175 No Impact – Privatization Won’t Work 176 Impact Turn – Leadership 177 Impact Turn – Leadership 178 Impact Turn – Space Debris 179
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