Letter from the Secretary-General

27^ Ibid.

28^ Cf. Cassese, ‘ Return to Westphalia?’ , in A. Cassese (ed.), T he Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force

29^ Tom Franck’s Recourse to Force (2002) offers an excellent analysis of the evolving nature of the Charter’s regime governing force.

30^ Bruno Simma. (1999). NATO, the UN and the Use of Force: Legal Aspects. Available at: http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/1/1.full.pdf [Accessed: 20 Oct 2013].

31^ United Nations. (2013). Charter of the UN. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter7.shtml [Accessed: 20 Oct 2013].

32^ Bruno Simma. (1999). NATO, the UN and the Use of Force: Legal Aspects. Available at: http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/1/1.full.pdf [Accessed: 20 Oct 2013].

33^ J.L.Holzgrefe and Robert O. Keohane. (2003). HUMANITAIAN INTERVENTION: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas. Available at: http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam034/2003269355.pdf [Accessed: 21 Oct 2013].

34^ Ian Hurd. (2011). Is Humanitarian Intervention Legal? The Rule of Law in an Incoherent World. Available at: http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~ihu355/Home_files/is%20hi%20legal.pdf [Accessed: 21 Oct 2013].

35^ Anne Ryniker. (2001). The ICRC’s position on “humanitarian intervention”. Available at: http://www.ikrk.org/eng/assets/files/other/527-532_ryniker-ang.pdf [Accessed: 21 Oct 2013].

36^ This part has been retrieved from the Study Guide of the United Nations Security Council of MUNTR 2013

37^ This part has been retrieved from the Study Guide of the United Nations Security Council of MUNTR 2013

38^ ibid

39^Lois Wilson. (2005). Press Release. Available at: www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/component/content/?module=uploads&func=download&fileId=153 [Accessed: 21 Oct 2013].

40^ International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (2001). The Responsibility to Protect. Ottawa: the International Development Research Centre. 1-87. [Accessed: 21 Oct 2013].

41^ Christian J. Tams. 2009. The Use of Force against Terrorists. Available at: http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/2/359.full [Accessed: 24 Oct 2013].

42^ Ibid.

43^ Ibid.

44^Christian J. Tams. 2009. The Use of Force against Terrorists. Available at: http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/2/359.full [Accessed: 20 Oct 2013].

45^NATO in focus. 2013. [pdf] Brussels - BELGIUM: Public Diplomacy Division. http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/1303-nato_in_focus-en.pdf [Accessed: 2 Oct 2013].

46^ Ibid.

47^ Ibid.

48^ Ibid.

49^ A Short History of NATO. 2013. [pdf] Brussels - Belgium: Public Diplomacy Division. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-2CD5ACAE-05C895BE/natolive/topics_85928.htm? [Accessed: 2 Oct 2013].

50^ Ibid.

51^ Ibid.

52^ News.bbc.co.uk. 2013. In depth: Korean War, Introduction. [online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/03/the_korean_war/html/ [Accessed: 18 Oct 2013].

53^ Ibid.

54^ Opt. Cite. A Short History of NATO. 2013. [pdf] Brussels - Belgium: Public Diplomacy Division. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-2CD5ACAE-05C895BE/natolive/topics_85928.htm? [Accessed: 2 Oct 2013].

55^ Ibid.

56^ News.bbc.co.uk. 2013. BBC News - Q&A: France and Nato. [online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7938191.stm [Accessed: 4 Nov 2013].

57^ Ibid.

58^ News.bbc.co.uk. 2013. BBC News - Timeline: Nato. [online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1543000.stm [Accessed: 18 Oct 2013].

59^ Opt. Cite. A Short History of NATO. 2013. [pdf] Brussels - Belgium: Public Diplomacy Division. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-2CD5ACAE-05C895BE/natolive/topics_85928.htm? [Accessed: 2 Oct 2013].

60^ Ibid.

61^ Opt. Cite. News.bbc.co.uk. 2013. BBC News - Timeline: Nato. [online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1543000.stm [Accessed: 18 Oct 2013].

62^ Opt. Cite. A Short History of NATO. 2013. [pdf] Brussels - Belgium: Public Diplomacy Division. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-2CD5ACAE-05C895BE/natolive/topics_85928.htm? [Accessed: 2 Oct 2013].

63^ Ibid.

64^ Ibid.

65^ Ibid.

66^ Ibid.

67^ North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Press Release (1999)040, March 23, 1999

68^ Greenwood, Christopher, “Humanitarian intervention: the case of Kosovo”, London School of Economics Research Online, November 2008

69^ North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Press Release (1999)040, March 23, 1999

70^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244(1999)

71^García-Orrico, D. n.d. “Kosovo”. [e-book] http://www.fride.org/uploads/Cap5_Kosovo_ENG_oct9.pdf [Accessed: 4 Nov 2013].

72^ Ibid.

73^ Ibid.

74^ Opt. Cite. A Short History of NATO. 2013. [pdf] Brussels - Belgium: Public Diplomacy Division. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-2CD5ACAE-05C895BE/natolive/topics_85928.htm? [Accessed: 2 Oct 2013].

75^ NATO 2001. Statement by the North Atlantic Council. [press release] 11 September 2001.

76^ Opt. Cite. A Short History of NATO. 2013. [pdf] Brussels - Belgium: Public Diplomacy Division. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-2CD5ACAE-05C895BE/natolive/topics_85928.htm? [Accessed: 2 Oct 2013].

77^ Ibid.

78^ Assenova, M. “The Debate on NATO’s Evolution”.[Online] Available at: http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/NATO_Debate_guidebook.pdf [Accessed 10 October 2012].

79^ Ibid.

80^ Ibid.

81^ Opt. Cite. A Short History of NATO. 2013. [pdf] Brussels - Belgium: Public Diplomacy Division. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-2CD5ACAE-05C895BE/natolive/topics_85928.htm? [Accessed: 2 Oct 2013].

82^ Ibid.

83^ Nato.int. 2002. NATO Update: NATO transformed: new members, capabilities and partnerships - 21 Nov. 2002. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2002/11-november/e1121e.htm [Accessed: 18 Oct 2013].

84^ Nato-russia-council.info. 2013. Nato-Russia Council - About. [online] Available at: http://www.nato-russia-council.info/en/about/ [Accessed: 18 Oct 2013].

85^ NATO 2004. The Istanbul Declaration Our security in a new era. [press release] 28 June 2004.

86^Ibid.

87^ Nato.int. 2006. NATO Update: NATO boosts efforts in Afghanistan - 29 November 2006. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2006/11-november/e1128a.htm [Accessed: 18 Oct 2013].

88^ NATO. 2010. NATO - NATO Summit paves way for renewed Alliance. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_68877.htm [Accessed: 18 Oct 2013].

89^ NATO. 2010. NATO - Allied leaders agree on NATO Missile Defence system. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_68439.htm [Accessed: 18 Oct 2013].

90^ NATO Study Guide. 2012. EuroAsia Training and Development Conference. MUNTR Secretariat.

91^ NATO (2012). Summit Declaration on Defence Capabilities: Toward NATO Forces 2020 [online]. [Accessed 23 October 2012]. Available from: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_87594.htm?mode=pressrelease

92^ NATO. 2012. NATO - The North Atlantic Council. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C39C9699-84BD963D/natolive/topics_49763.htm? [Accessed: 3 Oct 2013].

93^ NATO. 2012. NATO - The NATO Secretary General. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50094.htm [Accessed: 3 Oct 2013].

94^ Opt. Cite. NATO. 2012. NATO - The North Atlantic Council. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C39C9699-84BD963D/natolive/topics_49763.htm? [Accessed: 3 Oct 2013].

95^ Ibid.

96^ Ibid.

97^ Ibid.

98^ NATO. 2013. NATO - Smart Defence. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_84268.htm? [Accessed: 18 Oct 2013].

99^ Ibid.

100^ FOUNDING ACT ON MUTUAL RELATIONS, COOPERATION AND SECURITY BETWEEN NATO AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION!. 1997. [e-book] Paris: NATO - Russia Council. http://www.nato-russia-council.info/media/59451/1997_nato_russia_founding_act.pdf [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

101^ Ibid.

102^ News.bbc.co.uk. 2013. BBC News - Timeline: Nato. [online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1543000.stm [Accessed: 18 Oct 2013].

103^ Opt.Cite García-Orrico, Débora “Kosovo”

104^ Smith, J. 2008. The NATO-Russia Relationship. [e-book] Center for Strategic & International Studies and Institut Francais des Relations Internationales. http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081110_smith_natorussia_web.pdf [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

105^ Ibid.

106^ Ibid.

107^ Ibid.

108^ NATO. 2013. NATO - NATO’s relations with Russia. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50090.htm? [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

109^ Ibid.

110^ Ibid.

111^ Ibid.

112^ Jonson, P. 2010. The debate about Article 5 and its credibilty. [e-book] Rome: Research Division - NATO Defense College. http://www.gees.org/files/documentation/28052010065121_Documen-07840.pdf [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

113^ Ibid.

114^ NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen 2010. Monthly press briefing. [press release] 11 Oct. 2010.

115^ Opt. Cite. A Short History of NATO. 2013. [pdf] Brussels - Belgium: Public Diplomacy Division. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-2CD5ACAE-05C895BE/natolive/topics_85928.htm? [Accessed: 2 Oct 2013].

116^ Telegraph.co.uk. 2013. Afghanistan: 2001 to Nato handover timeline - Telegraph. [online] Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/10127579/Afghanistan-2001-to-Nato-handover-timeline.html [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

117^ NATO Public Diplomacy Divison. 2012. NATO and Afghanistan: questions&answers. [e-book] Brussels: NATO. http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/NATO_and_Afgh_LR_en.pdf [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

118^ Isaf.nato.int. 2013. History | ISAF - International Security Assistance Force. [online] Available at: http://www.isaf.nato.int/history.html [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

119^ Ibid.

120^ Opt. Cite. NATO Public Diplomacy Divison. 2012. NATO and Afghanistan: questions&answers. [e-book] Brussels: NATO. http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/NATO_and_Afgh_LR_en.pdf [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

121^ Opt. Cite. Telegraph.co.uk. 2013. Afghanistan: 2001 to Nato handover timeline - Telegraph. [online] Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/10127579/Afghanistan-2001-to-Nato-handover-timeline.html [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

122^ Opt. Cite. NATO Public Diplomacy Divison. 2012. NATO and Afghanistan: questions&answers. [e-book] Brussels: NATO. http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/NATO_and_Afgh_LR_en.pdf [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

123^ BBC News. 2013. Afghanistan profile - Timeline. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12024253 [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

124^ Opt. Cite. Telegraph.co.uk. 2013. Afghanistan: 2001 to Nato handover timeline - Telegraph. [online] Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/10127579/Afghanistan-2001-to-Nato-handover-timeline.html [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

125^ Ibid.

126^ Ibid.

127^ BBC News. 2013. Afghan militants attack Isaf convoy. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24584877 [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

128^ Opt. Cite. NATO Public Diplomacy Divison. 2012. NATO and Afghanistan: questions&answers. [e-book] Brussels: NATO. http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/NATO_and_Afgh_LR_en.pdf [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

129^ NATO. 2011. NATO - Afghanistan and NATO put theory into practice in their Enduring Partnership. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_72547.htm [Accessed: 19 Oct 2013].

130^ NATO, 2012. NATO’s Relations with the United Nations. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50321.htm (accessed: 25 October 2013)

131^ Ibid

132^ Ibid

133^ Ibid

134^ Ibid

135^ Ibid

136^ NATO, 2012. NATO’s Relations with the United Nations. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50321.htm (accessed: 25 October 2013)

137^ Ibid

138^ Ibid

139^ NATO, 2008. North Atlantic Treaty. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm (accessed: 25 October 2013)

140^ NATO, 2012. NATO’s Relations with the United Nations. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50321.htm (accessed: 25 October 2013)

141^ NATO, 2008. North Atlantic Treaty. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm (accessed: 25 October 2013)

142^ NATO, 2012. NATO’s Relations with the United Nations. [online] Available at: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50321.htm (accessed: 25 October 2013)

143^ Eastern Illınoıs Universiyt, undated. NATO and the United Nations: Debates and Trends in Institutional Coordination. [pdf] Available at: http://www.journal-iostudies.org/sites/journal-iostudies.org/files/JIOS201121final_4.pdf (accessed: 26 October 2013)

144^ Ibid

145^ Georgetown University, 2012. Sustainability of the NATO. [pdf] Available at: http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/557633/Sundarajan_georgetown_0076M_11550.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed: 4 November 2013)

146^ Ibid

147^ Ibid

148^ Ibid

149^ German Institute for International and Security Affairs, 2012. NATO and the UN: Partnership for Potential. [pdf] Available at: http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/research_papers/2012_RP02_har.pdf (accessed: 26 October 2013)

150^ Ibid

151^ Ibid

152^ German Institute for International and Security Affairs, 2012. NATO and the UN: Partnership for Potential. [pdf] Available at: http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/research_papers/2012_RP02_har.pdf (accessed: 26 October 2013)

153^ Ibid

154^ United Nations, undated. The Charter of the United Nations, Chapter 6. [online] Available at: http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter7.shtml (accessed: 26 October 2013)

155^ Ibid

156^ Ibid

157^ Ibid

158^ Ibid

159^ Ibid

160^ Ibid

161^ International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2013. Typology of Political Regymes in North Africa Before Arab Spring. [pdf] Available at: http://www.aessweb.com/download.php?id=2054#page8 (accessed: 26 October 2013)

162^ Ibid

163^ Ibid

164^ CNN, 2011. What’s Causing North African Unrest. [online] Available at: http://business.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/16/whats-causing-north-african-unrest/ (accessed: 26 October 2013)

165^ Almanar News, 2012. The Arab Spring: The Root Causes. [online] Availabe at: http://www.almanar.com.lb/english/adetails.php?eid=45439&cid=31&fromval=1 (accessed: 26 October 2013)

166^ International, 2011. Uprising in Tunisia: People Power topples Ben Ali regime. [online] Available at: http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2011/01/16/18669320.php (accessed: 24 October 2013)

167^ Ibid

168^ Ibid

169^ The Guardian, 2011. Al-Qaida Leaders Welcome Arab Uprisings. [online]Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/31/alqaida-leaders-welcome-arab-uprisings (accessed: 3 Novermber 2013)

170^ BBC News, 2011. Tunisia: President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali forced out. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12195025 (accessed: 24 October 2013)

171^ About.com, 2010. This Day in African History: The Republic of Egypt is Declared. [online] Available at: http://africanhistory.about.com/b/2010/06/19/18-june-1953-the-republic-of-egypt-is-declared.htm [accessed: 23 October 2013]

172^ Ibid

173^ Egypt News, 2009. Egyptian Revoluiton of 1952. [online] Available at: http://news.egypt.com/en/egyptian-revolution-of-1952.html (accessed: 23 October 2013)

174^ Ibid

175^ The Newyork Times, 2013. Middle East. [online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/08/21/world/middleeast/Mubarak_timeline.html?ref=hosnimubarak&_r=0#/#time139_4617 (accessed: 23 October 2013)

176^ Ibid

177^ Ibid

178^ Ibid

179^ Ibid

180^ The Newyork Times, 2011. Hosni Mubarak. [online] Available at: http://web.archive.org/web/20110216065944/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/hosni_mubarak/index.html (accessed: 24 October 2013)

181^ Ibid

182^ Ibid

183^ Ibid

184^ Ibid

185^ BBC News, 2013.

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