Maassen, Friedrich Bernard Christian Professor of law (1823-1900)

Manning, Henry Edward - Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster (1808-1892)

Mannyng, Robert - Poet, from Bourne in Lincolnshire, England

Mansard, François - French architect, born in Paris, probably of Italian stock, in 1598; died there, 1666

Mansard, Jules - French architect, grand-nephew of François, was originally Jules Hardouin, but took the name of Mansard; was born in Paris, 1646; died at Marly 1708

Mansi, Gian Domenico - Italian prelate and scholar born at Lucca, of a patrician family, 16 February, 1692; died archbishop of that city, 27 September, 1769

Mantegna, Andrea - Biography of the Italian painter

Mantelletta - An outer vestment reaching to the knees, open in front, with slits instead of sleeves on the sides

Mantua - Diocese of Mantua (Mantuana), in Lombardy

Mantuanus, Baptista - Carmelite, Renaissance poet, d. 1516

Manu, The Laws of - The English designation commonly applied to the 'Manava Dharma-sastra', a metrical Sanskrit compendium of ancient sacred laws and customs held in the highest reverence by the orthodox adherents of Brahminism

Manuel Chysoloras - First teacher of Greek in Italy, born at Constantinople about the middle of the fourteenth century; died at Constance, German, and was buried there, 15 April, 1415

Manuscripts - Every book written by hand on flexible material and intended to be placed in a library is called a manuscript

Manuscripts, Illuminated - A large number of manuscripts covered with painted ornaments

Manuscripts of the Bible - Manuscripts are written, as opposed to printed, copies of the original text or of a version either of the whole Bible or of a part thereof

Manuterge - The name given to the towel used by the priest when engaged liturgically

Manutius, Aldus - Scholar and printer (1450-1515)

Manzoni, Alessandro - Italian poet and novelist, b. at Milan, 7 March, 1785; d. 22 May, 1873

Map, Walter - Archdeacon of Oxford, b. at, or in the vicinity of, Hereford, c. 1140, d. between 1208 and 1210

Maphrian - The Syriac word mafriano signifies one who fructifies, a consecrator. It is used to designate the prelate who holds the second rank after the patriarch among the Jacobite Syrians

Maran, Prudentius - A learned Benedictine of the Maurist Congregation, b. 14 October, 1683, at Sezanne, in the Department of Marne; d. 2 April, 1762, at Paris

Marash - An Armenian Catholic Diocese

Maratta, Carlo - An Italian painter, b. at Camerino, in the March of Ancona, 13 May, 1625, d. in Rome, 15 December, 1713

Marbodius - Bishop of Rennes, ecclesiastical writer and hymnologist, b. about 1035 at Angers, France, d. there 11 September, 1123

Marca, Pierre de - French bishop and scholar, b. at Gan in Béarn, 24 Jan., 1594, of a family distinguished in the magistracy; d. at Paris, 29 June, 1662

Marcellian and Mark, Saints - Blood brothers martyred at Rome in the Diocletian persecution, probably in 286

Marcellina, Saint - Consecrated virgin, blood sister of St. Ambrose, d. about 398

Marcellinus, Flavius - A high official at the court of Emperor Honorius, and possessed the confidence of his imperial master owing to his good sense, and unblemished conduct

Marcellinus, Pope - Elected to the papacy in 296. He died in 304, probably of natural causes, since no early source calls him a martyr

Marcellinus Comes - Latin chronicler of the sixth century

Marcellinus of Civezza, O.F.M. - Modern Franciscan author, born at Civezza in Liguria, Italy, 29 May, 1822; d. at Leghorn, 27 March, 1906

Marcello, Benedetto - Biography focusing on religious works, particularly his Paraphrase of the Psalms

Marcellus I, Saint, Pope - After a vacancy in office following the death of Pope St. Marcellinus, was elected to the papacy in 308. Fairly lengthy biographical article

Marcellus II, Pope - Born 6 May, 1501, at Montepulciano in Tuscany; died 6 May, 1555, at Rome. His father, Ricardo Cervini, was Apostolic treasurer in the March of Ancona

Marcellus of Ancyra - One of the bishops present at the Councils of Ancyra and of Nicaea, a strong opponent of Arianism, but in his zeal to combat Arius adopting the opposite extreme of modified Sabellianism and being several times condemned, dying deprived of his see c. A.D. 374

March, Auzias - A Catalan poet, b. perhaps in the last quarter of the fourteenth century, at Valencia; d. there in 1458

Marchand, Jean Baptiste - Second principal in order of succession of the Sulpician College of Montreal and missionary of the Detroit Hurons at Sandwich, Ont.; b. at Verchères, Que., 25 Feb. 1760, son of Louis Marchand and Marguerite de Niverville; d. at Sandwich, 14 Apr., 1825

Marchant, Peter - A theologian, b. at Couvin, a village in the principality of Liege, in 1585; d. at Ghent, 11 Nov., 1661

Marchesi, Pompeo - A Lombard sculptor of the neoclassic school, born at Saltrio, near Milan, 7 August, 1790; died at Milan, 6 February. 1858

Marchi, Giuseppe - An archæologist, born at Tolmezzo near Udine, 22 Feb., 1795; died at Rome, 10 Feb., 1860

Marcian - Roman Emperor at Constantinople, b. in Thrace about 390; d. January, 457

Marciane - A titular see of Lycia, suffragan of Myra

Marcianopolis - A titular see in Lower Maesia, on the right bank of the Danube, so called by Trajan after his sister Marciana (Amm. Marcellinus, XXVII, 2) and previously known as Parthenopolis

Marcionites - Said that the creator 'god' of the Old Testament was not the good God and Father of Jesus Christ of the New Testament. Had their own shadow hierarchy and their own Bible, which consisted of parts of Luke and Paul, edited so as to disparage the Old Testament. Only the unmarried were allowed to be baptized. Marcionism may have led to the formation of the Apostle's Creed as rebuttal, and certainly was an incentive in deciding on the canon of the New Testament

Marco Polo - Venetian traveller (1251-1324)

Marcopois - A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Edessa

Marcosians - A sect of Valentinian Gnostics, founded by Marcus

Marcoux, Joseph - A missionary among the Iroquois, b. in Canada, 16 March, 1791; d. there 29 May, 1855

Marcus - The name of three leading Gnostics

Marcus, Pope Saint - Reigned for less than 9 months, d. 336

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus - Second-century Roman emperor and philosopher

Marcus Diadochus - An obscure writer of the fourth century of whom nothing is known but his name at the head of a 'Sermon against the Arians', discovered by Wetsten in a manuscript codex of St. Athanasius at Basle

Marcus Eremita - A theologian and ascetic writer of some importance in the fifth century

Mardin - A residential Armenian archbishopric, a Chaldean bishopric, and a residential Syrian bishopric; moreover it is the headquarters of the Capuchin mission of Mardin and Amida

Maréchal, Ambrose - The third Archbishop of Baltimore; born at Ingres near Orléans, France, 28 August, 1764; died at Baltimore, 29 January, 1828

Marenco - (1), Carlo, Italian dramatist, born at Cassolo (or Cassolnuovo) in Piedmont in 1800; died at Savona in 1846 (2), Leopoldo, Italian dramatic poet, born at Ceva in 1831; died 1899, son of Carlo Marenco

Marenzio, Luca - Composer (1550-1599)

Margaret, Saint - Also known in the Christian East as St. Marina. Virgin and martyr from Pisidian Antioch

Margaret Haughery - 'The mother of the orphans', as she was familiarly styled, b. in Cavan, Ireland, about 1814; d. at New Orleans, Louisiana, 9 February, 1882

Margaret of Hungary, Blessed - Princess who became a Dominican at the age of 4. She died in 1270 or 1271, and was canonized in 1943

Margaret of the Blessed Sacrament - French Carmelite nun (1590-1660)

Margaret Clitherow, Saint - Article on this martyr, d. 1586, who is called the 'Pearl of York.' St. Margaret was crushed to death for the crime of harboring priests

Margaret Colona, Blessed - A Roman orphan, hermit, founder of a community of Poor Clares, d. 1284

Margaret Mary, Saint - Biographical article on the apostle of the devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus

Margaret of Cortona, Saint - Third Order Franciscan, d. 1297

Margaret of Lorraine, Blessed - Duchess d'Alencon, widow, became a Poor Clare, d. 1521

Margaret of Savoy, Blessed - Widow, Third Order Dominican, d. 1464

Margaret of Scotland, Saint - Biographical entry on the eleventh-century queen

Margaret Pole, Blessed - Biography of the Countess of Salisbury, martyred in 1541

Margaritae - The canonists of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries who taught canon law by commenting on the Decretum of Gratian and on the various collections of the Decretals, gave the most varied forms and diverse names to their treatises. The 'Margaritae' are collections specially intended to help the memory

Margil, Antonio - Born at Valencia, Spain, 18 August, 1657; died at Mexico, 6 Aug., 1726. He entered the Franciscan Order in his native city on 22 April, 1673. After his ordination to the priesthood he volunteered for the Indian missions in America, and arrived at Vera Cruz on 6 June, 1683

Margotti, Giacomo - A Catholic publicist, born 11 May, 1823; died 6 May, 1887. He was a native of San Remo, where his father was president of the Chamber of Commerce, and there he studied the classics and philosophy, after which he entered the seminary of Ventimiglia; in 1845, he obtained the doctorate at the University of Genoa and was received into the Royal Academy of Superga, where he remained until 1849

Maria de Agreda - Franciscan mystic (1602-1665)

Maria-Laach - A Benedictine abbey on the southwest bank of Lake Laach, near Andernach in Rhineland, Germany

Mariales, Kantes - A Dominican, born about 1580; died at Venice in April, 1660

Mariana - Situated in the centre of Minas Geraes, the great mining state of Brazil, is bounded on the north, south and west respectively by its suffragan sees, Diamantina, Pouso Alegre, Goyaz, and Uberaba

Mariana, Juan - Author and Jesuit, b. at Talavern, Toledo, Spain, probably in April, 1536; d. at Toledo, 16 February, 1624

Mariana Islands - The Marianas Archipelago (also called the Ladrone Islands) is a chain of fifteen islands in the Northern Pacific, first discovered in 1521 by Magellan

Mariannhill, Congregation of the Missionaries of - Located in Natal, near Pinetown, 15 miles from Durban, and 56 from Pietermaritzburg

Marian Priests - This term is applied to those English priests who being ordained in or before the reign of Queen Mary (1553-1558), survived into the reign of Elizabeth

Marianus of Florence - A Friar Minor and historian, born at Florence about the middle of the fifteenth century, exact date of birth uncertain; died there, 20 July, 1523

Marianus Scotus - Two Irish scholars of this name attained distinction in the eleventh century. Both spent the greater part of their lives in Germany

Maria Theresa - Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, Roman-German Empress, born 1717; died 1780

Marie Antoinette - Biography of the Queen of France

Marie Christine of Savoy, Blessed - The daughter of Victor Emanuel I, married King Ferdinand II of Sicily, d. 1836 at the age of 23

Marie de France - Twelfth-century French poetess

Marie de l'Incarnation, Blessed - A.k.a. Madame Acarie. Founded the French Carmel, d. 1618

Marie de l'Incarnation, Venerable - Baptismal name Marie Guyard. First superior of the Ursulines of Quebec. Biography

Marienberg - A Benedictine abbey of the Congregation of St. Joseph near Mals, Tyrol (in Vintschau)

Marignolli, Giovanni de' - Franciscan missionary to Asia (b. 1290)

Marina, Saint - Also known in the Christian East as St. Marina. Virgin and martyr from Pisidian Antioch

Marina - The name of an ancient and noble family of the Republic of Genoa, distinguished alike in the Island of Chios, one of its dependencies, where it possessed many beautiful and valuable estates

Marini, Luigi Gaetano - A natural philosopher, jurist, historian, archeologist, born at Sant' Orcangelo (pagus Acerbotanus), 18 Dec., 1742; died at Paris, 7 May, 1815

Marinus I, Pope - Reigned 882-884

Marinus II, Pope - Reigned 942-946; died in April or May, 946

Mariotte, Edme - French physicist, b. at Dijon, France, about 1620; d. at Paris, 12 May, 1684

Maris, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum, Saints - Family martyred at Rome in 270. SS. Maris and Martha were husband and wife

Marisco, Adam de - A Franciscan who probably came from the county of Somerset, but the date of his birth is unknown; died at the end of 1257 or the beginning of 1258

Mariscotti, Saint Hyacintha - Third Order Franciscan, founder of the Oblates of Mary (Sacconi), died 1640

Marius Aventicus, Saint - Or Aventicensis, so called because he was bishop of Avenches. Goldsmith, chronicler, d. 594

Marius Maximus, Lucius Perpetuus Aurelianus - Roman historian, lived c. 165-230

Marius Mercator - Ecclesiastical writer, born probably in Northern Africa about 390; died shortly after 451

Mark, Saint - What can be pieced together of St. Mark's life from Scripture. Also reports on tradition surrounding the saint

Mark, Pope Saint - Reigned for less than 9 months, d. 336

Mark, Gospel of - The Second Gospel, like the other two Synoptics, deals chiefly with the Galilean ministry of Christ, and the events of the last week at Jerusalem

Mark and Marcellian, Saints - Blood brothers martyred at Rome in the Diocletian persecution, probably in 286

Mark of Lisbon - Friar minor, historian, and Bishop of Oporto in Portugal, b. at Lisbon (date of birth uncertain); d. in 1591

Maroni, Paul - Missionary, b. 1 Nov., 1695

Maronia - A titular see in the province of Rhodopis, suffragan of Trajanopolis

Maronites - History of the Maronite nation and Church

Marquesas Islands - Located in Polynesia, includes all the Marquesas Islands

Marquette (Michigan) - The Diocese comprises the upper peninsula and the adjacent islands of the State of Michigan, U.S.A

Marquette, Jacques - Jesuit missionary and discoverer of the Mississippi River, b. in 1636, at Laon, a town in north central France; d. near Ludington, Michigan, 19 May, 1675

Marquette League - A society founded in New York, in May, 1904, by Rev. H.G. Ganss, of Lancaster, Pa

Marquette University - Marquette University of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is an outgrowth of Marquette College, which was opened in 1881, although it had been planned by Right Rev. John Martin Henni as far back as 1850

Marriage Banns - In general the ecclesiastical announcement of the names of persons contemplating marriage

Marriage, Civil - The municipal law deals with this status only as a civil institution

Marriage, History of - The Catholic views of marriage

Marriage, Mixed - Those between Catholics and non-Catholics, when the latter have been baptized in some Christian sect. The term is also used to designate unions between Catholics and infidels

Marriage, Moral and Canonical Aspect of - Marriage is that individual union through which man and woman by their reciprocal rights form one principle of generation

Marriage, Mystical - In the Old and the New Testament, the love of God for man, and, in particular His relations with His chosen people (whether of the Synagogue or of the Church), are frequently typified under the form of the relations between bridegroom and bride. In like manner, Christian virginity been considered from the earliest centuries as a special offering made by the soul to its spouse, Christ

Marriage, Putative - A matrimonial alliance which is commonly reputed to be valid, and is sincerely believed by one at least of the contracting parties to be so in the eyes of the Church, because entered into in good faith; but which in reality is null and void, owing to the existence of a diriment impediment

Marriage, Ritual of - The form for the celebration of the Sacrament of Matrimony is detailed

Marriage, Sacrament of - Christian marriage (i.e. marriage between baptized persons) is really a sacrament of the New Law in the strict sense of the word is for all Catholics an indubitable truth

Marriage, Validation of - May be effected by a simple renewal of consent when its nullity arises only from a defective consent in one or both parties

Marryat, Florence - English novelist and actress (1838-1899)

Marseilles - Diocese of Marseilles (Massiliensis), suffragan of Aix, comprises the district of Marseilles in the Department of Bouches-du-Rhône

Marshall, Thomas William - Controversial writer, b. 1818; d. at Surbiton, Surrey, 14 Dec., 1877

Marshall Islands - These islands, a German possession since 1885, lying in the Pacific Ocean, east of the Caroline islands, between 4 and 13 N. lat., and 161 and 171 E. longitude, were discovered in 1529 by Saavedra, Villalobos and other Spanish mariners, and explored by Marshall and Gilbert in 1788

Marsi - Diocese in the province of Aquila, Central Italy, with its seat at Pescina

Marsico Nuovo and Potenza - Suffragan diocese of Salerno

Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, Count de - Italian geographer and naturalist, b. at Bologna 10 July, 1658; d. at Bologna 1 Nov., 1730

Marsilius of Padua - Physician and theologian, b. at Padua about 1270; d. about 1342

Martel, Charles - French monarch, born about 688; died at Quierzy on the Oise, 21 October, 741

Martène, Edmond - An historian and liturgist, born 22 December, 1654, at Saint-Jean-de-Losne near Dijon; died 20 June, 1739, at Saint-Germain-des-Prés near Paris

Martha, Saint - Sister of Mary of Bethany and of Lazarus

Martha, Maris, Audifax, and Abachum, Saints - Family martyred at Rome in 270. SS. Maris and Martha were husband and wife

Martial, Saint - Third-century bishop of Limoges

Martiall, John - One of the six companions associated with Dr. Allen in the foundation of the English College at Douai in 1568

Martianay, Jean - Born 30 Dec., 1647, at Saint-Sever-Cap, Diocese of Aire; died 16 June, 1717, at Saint Germain-des-Prés, Paris. He entered the Benedictine Congregation of St. Maur at an early age, and devoted himself to Biblical studies

Martianus Capella - Roman writer of Africa who flourished in the fifth century

Martigny, Joseph-Alexander - Canon of Belley, archaeologist; b at Sauverny, Ain, in 1808; d at Belley, 19 August, 1880

Martin I, Pope Saint - Opposed the Monothelites, who were supported by the emperor. He was taken prisoner to Constantinople, but refused to sign a heretical declaration. He died in exile in 655

Martin II, Pope - Reigned 942-946; died in April or May, 946

Martin IV, Pope - Born at the castle of Montpensier in the old French province of Touraine at an unknown date; d. at Perugia 28 March, 1285. As priest he held a benefice at Rouen for a short time, whereupon he became canon and treasurer at the church of St. Martin in Tours

Martin V, Pope - Born at Genazzano in the Campagna di Roma, 1368; died at Rome, 20 Feb., 1431

Martin - Benedictine Abbot of the Schottenkloster of Vienna, b. about 1400; d. 28 July, 1464 (29 July 1470)

Martín, Enrico - Date and place of birth unknown; d. in Mexico in 1632. According to some he was of Spanish descent; Humboldt says that he was either a German or Dutchman, and according to others a Mexican educated in Spain, but in all probability he was a Frenchman

Martin, Felix - Antiquary, historiographer, architect, educationist, b. 4 October, 1804, at Auray, seat of the famous shrine of St. Ann in Brittany, France; d. at Vaugirard, Paris, 25 November, 1886

Martin, Gregory - Translator of the Douai Version of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate; b. in Maxfield, parish of Guestling, near Winchelsea, in Sussex; d. at Reims, 28 October, 1582

Martin, Konrad - Bishop of Paderborn; b. 18 May, 1812, at Geismar, Province of Saxony; d. 16 July, 1879, at Mont St Guibert, near Brussels, Belgium

Martin, Paulin - French Biblical scholar (1840 - 1890)

Martina, Saint - Roman virgin and martyr, d. 226 or (more likely) 228

Martini, Antonio - Archbishop of Florence, Biblical scholar; b. at Prato in Tuscany, 20 April, 1720; d. at Florence, 31 December 1809

Martini, Martino - Austrian Jesuit missionary to the Chinese, in the seventeenth century

Martini, Simone - Sienese painter, born in Siena, 1283; died either in the same place or at Avignon in 1344 or 1349

Martinique - Diocese; Martinique is one of the French Lesser Antilles, 380 sq. miles in area; It was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1493, and colonized by the French about 1625; it was in the hands of the English from 1762-1783, and was again occupied by them in 1792, 1802, 1809, 1815 and again became French territory in 1818

Martin of Braga - Missionary, monastic founder, archbishop, ecclesiastical writer, d. 580

Martin of Leon, Saint - Augustinian priest, d. 1203

Martin of Tours, Saint - Fairly lengthy biographical article on this bishop, who died in around 397

Martin of Troppau - A chronicler, date of birth unknown; died 1278

Martin of Valencia, O.F.M. - Born at Villa de Valencia, Spain, about the middle of the fifteenth century; died in the odour of sanctity at Tlalmanalco, Mexico, 31 August, 1534. He entered the Franciscan Order at Mayorga in the Province of Santiago, built the monastery of Santa Maria del Berrogal, and was the thief founder of the Custody of San Gabriel, for which he visited Rome

Martinian and Processus, Saints - Martyrs venerated since the fourth century at the latest

Martinov, John - Jesuit and writer. Born 7 October, 1821; died 26 April, 1894

Martinsberg - A Benedictine abbey in Hungary about fourteen English miles south of Raab, and sixty west of Buda-Pesth

Martinuzzi, George - Monk, bishop, cardinal, b. at Kamicac, Dalmatia, 1482; d. 16 December, 1551. His real name was George Utjesenovic

Martin y Garcia, Luis - Jesuit General (1846-1906)

Martyr - The Greek word martus signifies a witness who testifies to a fact of which he has knowledge from personal observation. The term martyr came to be exclusively applied to those who had died for the faith

Martyr d'Anghiera, Peter - Historian of Spain and of the discoveries of her representatives, b. at Arona, near Anghiera, on Lake Maggiore in Italy, 2 February, 1457; d. at Granada in October, 1526

Martyrology - By martyrology is understood a catalogue of martyrs and saints arranged according to the order of their feasts, i. e., according to the calendar

Martyropolis - A titular see, suffragan of Amida in the Province of Mesopotamia or Armenia Quarta

Martyrs, Acts of the - Records of the trials of early Christian martyrs made by the notaries of the court

Martyrs, Japanese - The most famous of the Japanese martyrs are the twenty-six who were crucified in Nagasaki in 1597, but thousands of other Japanese died for the faith between 1560 and 1860

Martyrs, The Ten Thousand - On two days is a group of ten thousand martyrs mentioned in the Roman Martyrology

Martyrs in China - With the revival of the missions in China with Matteo Ricci, who died at Peking in 1610, the blood of martyrs was soon shed to fertilize the evangelical field; the change of the Ming dynasty to the Manchu dynasty, giving occasion for new prosecution

Maruthas, Saint - Writer, greatly devoted to the martyrs, Mesopotamian bishop, d. before 420

Mary, Blessed Virgin, The - The Blessed Virgin Mary is the mother of Jesus Christ, the mother of God

Mary, Children of - The Sodality of Children of Mary Immaculate owes its origin to the manifestation of the Virgin Immaculate of the Miraculous Medal, on which the Church has placed a seal, by appointing the twenty-seventh of November as its feast