Masaryk University
The role of secret services in the Islamic Jihad Union
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- 6.1 Assessment of Islamic Jihad Union
- 6.2 Is Islamic Jihad Union danger to the Europe
- 6.3 Islamic Jihad Union is in the United States of America
- Bibliography
5.1 The role of secret services in the Islamic Jihad Union There are also other view points concerning to the emergence of the Islamic Jihad Union. A former agent of the Uzbek secret Service (SNB) Ikrom Yakubov who is currently seeking the asylum in the United Kingdom claimed that, the Islamic Jihad Union was established with the support of the Uzbek secret Service.189 According to him the President Kerimov’s regime in Uzbekistan organized the terror actions in the territories of Uzbekistan in order to join and gain the attention of the world-wide anti terror coalition and justify their crude treatment of the population, and next Ikrom Yakubov asserted that the terror actions that were held in Uzbekistan in spring 2004 were actually the work of Uzbek secret Services (SNB) rather that Islamic Jihad Union even if the group took the responsibility.190 According to the Uzbekistan media sources which relied to the German souce SPIEGEL, the United States Central Intelligence agency and Turkish secret service agents were involved directly into the Islamic Jihad Union when they planned to commit the terror attacks in the territory of Germany, choosing as their targets the international airports and United States military objects.191 According to them the person who was supplied the Islamic Jihad Union with explosive devices from Turkey and brought them to Germany was the special agent of US and Turkey, and the German secret service had one agent living in the same house where the member of Sauerland Cell Daniel Martin Schneider lived.192 One more interesting fact is that the Uzbekistan government faces the difficulties to introduce the necessary information concerning the Islamic Jihad Union, which is very interesting for the public. The former British ambassador in Uzbekistan Craiq Murray mentioned that the Islamic Jihad Union is the creation of the Uzbekistan Secret Services which use the group for its own purposes.193 The Islamic Jihad Union designated as a Terrorist Organization by the United States and Germany. On June 17, 2005 the Islamic Jihad Union was estimated as a Sunni extremist organization that opposes the secular rule in Uzbekistan and entered into the US Department of States Terror Organizations list.194 The Islamic Jihad Union also was designated as a terrorist organization by the Germany.195 6.1 Assessment of Islamic Jihad Union Established in 2002 after the splitting off from Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, the Islamic Jihad Union has been very seriously trying to enlarge its public image in the concept of international terrorism. Islamic Jihad Union differ from its mother organization which is the largest and strongest military organization in Central Asia and is supporting an idea of internationalization and globalization of jihad or ‘Holy War’ and closely cooperates with the international terrorist organizations as al-Qaeda and Taliban on the global level. Even the Islamic Jihad Union is a small organization it successfully managed with the help of al-Qaeda to attract the recruits and volunteers from the Europe, Pakistan and Central Asia. Islamic Jihad Union training the fighters in North Waziristan (Mir Ali) region of Pakistan. The leader of Islamic Jihad Union Najmaddin Jalalov (also known as Ebu Yahya Muhammed Fatih) in his interview in Arabic language in 2007, while describing the goal of the group mentioned that the group’s aims include helping ‘other Muslim brothers all around the world’ and that Islamic Jihad Union comprised ‘believers from all over the world and multi national emigrants’.196 Islamic Jihad Union also opposes the secular rule in Uzbekistan, provides and supports the anti-Western ideology, and shows its will to replace the current Karimov regime in Uzbekistan and establish the government based on Islamic Law. Islamic Jihad Union attracted mostly the Westerners especially from Germany; however it managed to include thirty German’s at 2009.197 The Islamic Jihad Union gained its first international image after the several bombing attacks in the several cities in Uzbekistan, including Tashkent in spring March 28-31 2004, where they chose as their targets the famous bazaar and police roadway posts in which they killed approximately 47 peoples, including 33 terrorists, several of whom were suicide bombers.198 Islamic Jihad Union sent an e-mail in 3 April 2004 to the www.stopdictatorkarimov.com and took the responsibility and mentioned that ‘attacks and the bombings aimed against in the government of Uzbekistan and its servants, who administered the policy of violence against the people of Uzbekistan and considers that all these actions are proof of compliance guidance of Allah…and added that Our goal of these actions is to give the words of Allah a higher meaning and retaliate against the enemies of Islam in response to their cruel punishment on the people and for the arrests and torture of our brothers and sisters.’199 The Islamic Jihad Union in the further statement in June 2004 promised to commit the next attacks against the current President Karimov regime in Uzbekistan.200 With those attacks the Islamic Jihad Union wrote its name to the history of Central Asia as the first organization that used the suicide bombers and committed terrorist attacks. The government of Uzbekistan blamed for those attacks the Islamic Jihad Union, but the Islamic Movement kept silence concerning the responsibility of those attacks committed in Uzbekistan. The lack of information concerning those attacks put under doubts the credibility of the Islamic Jihad Union’s asserted relationship with the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. The commission investigating the March attacks reached into conclusion and according to the result of their investigation: ‘Najmaddin Jalolov (also known as Ebu Yahya Muhammed Fatih) the leader of the Islamic Jihad Union directed the groups outside Uzbekistan and he was in charge of the contact among the international terrorist organizations and groups, and coordinated financing of military training of organization members in special training camps. It has been proved that the atrocities committed by the defendants were directed from a single criminal centre and the majority of the members of the group underwent military training abroad. It was added that in their confession terrorist acts that took place in the capital in other cities of Uzbekistan were encouraged by international terrorist organizations and networks and the group possessed a large amount of weapons including different types of hand-made explosive devices, ammunition, religious books, instruction manuals and etc.201 Paying close attention to the video messages released by the Islamic Jihad Union, it is possible to see that the organization is not a myth, but an umbrella group of small independent element of different strength and influence. There are no trustworthy numbers on the numerical power of the organization, however the pictures introduced by the group show combat personnel of five to dozen of fighters, which is according to the investigators is the fundamental organizational unit of the Islamic Jihad Union. Despite the Uzbek and Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan background of its patrons, the Turkish factor in Islamic Jihad Union plays an important role in its recruitment network and international help. For example: There were no Uzbek fighters or Uzbek origin fighters arrested in Europe which had the relationships with the Islamic Jihad Union. In this case we can say that the Islamic Jihad Union seems to be more global and international than that Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. Involving the converts into Islam from Western countries as it recently happened, the anti-imperialist measures also received the attention of the international recruits and volunteers, who pay attention to the policy provided by the Western world regarding to obtain the control over the natural resources of the whole Islamic world, and they would like to oppose to that policy. As cases in point is viewed the existence of Anglo-American military contingent in Afghanistan and the secular Karimov regime in Uzbekistan. 6.2 Is Islamic Jihad Union danger to the Europe? In spite of the fact that the Islamic Jihad Union and Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan have common enemy, genealogical relations and the same Salafi ideology, it is possible to say that they are quite two different organizations. The present relationship among Islamic Jihad Union and Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan are based on the individual relationship and ad hoc mutual effort than one of the structural and organizational relationship. Both Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and Islamic Jihad Union have not a fundamental large help in Uzbekistan or in other target state. And both of them are not so influential and experienced like Hamas in Gaza region or like other Islamist movements and their influence goes far from their actual numerical and military power.202 Using the modern technology and mass media sources the Islamic Jihad Union was successful to gain the international attention of the media and public attention and managed to introduce itself as strong, large and universally operating organization that it actually is. Using the classic guerilla methods against the international contingent and government in Afghanistan, the Islamic Jihad Union strongly depends on the strong and influential Islamic movements like Al-Qaeda and Taliban for support. These kinds of relationships among them opens new opportunities for the Islamic Jihad Union and increases its ability to struggle against the enemies outside of the Central Asia, and helps them to launch different attacks to the Uzbekistan diplomatic corpuses and targets representing the European Union, Israel and United States of America. Against the Western facilities the Islamic Jihad Union attacked the Israeli and American diplomatic corpuses in the capital of Uzbekistan in Tashkent on the 30 July 2004.203 To chaise the United States of America and Israeli diplomatic consulates and embassies in 2004, and United States military camps and airports in Germany increases the seriousness of the Islamic Jihad Union involving into the international terrorism and proves its globally jihad oriented ideology. These kinds of activities by the Islamic Jihad Union opens new outlook for the European Union concerning its security management and in generally its policy to the regimes that has Uzbekistan. Western World’s geostrategic and economic interests in the Central Asian region are as important as it was in the Gulf countries and African continent during the 1970 and 1980-ies. However the possibility of the Islamic Jihad Union to attack and destabilize the targets in European Union countries still remains high. One of the main works regarding in combating against the risk of terrorism in Europe is not just only to concentrate only in that issue, but also to support the population of Uzbekistan with the long term plan and whoever attained the good outcome regarding supporting to the current regime in Uzbekistan will hold friendly views of the European Union and Western societies in general. One of the most know attempt to carry the suicide terror attack of the Islamic Jihad Union outside the Central Asia is known as the Sauerland Cell or Sauerland Network204. The Islamic Jihad Union is largely considered to be one of the most significant dangers to the German society in general and to the national security.205 The Islamic Jihad Union is well known for the German audience and authorities because of its video threats frequently releasing on its Turkish language internet web-site and on television and in the video released in 31 January 2009, the Islamic Jihad Union threatened the Germany with the attacks and introduced for the German viewers the Islamic Jihad Union’s goal about the spreading of Islam in the world.206 German converted into Islam the Eric Breininger is the bright example of the dangerous radicalized German converts into the Islam, the person who received the military training in the training camps of the Islamic Jihad Union.207 One more example can be shown about two other German citizens (Fritz Martin Gelowicz and Daniel Martin Schneider) that were converted to Islam by the Islamic Jihad Union and attempted to commit the terror attacks in the Frankfurt International Airport, Ramstein Air Base and in other United States military objects in 2007.208 These examples are quite enough in order to understand how the Islamic Jihad Union is dangerous for the Germany. Using this kinds of German citizens as its targets and radicalizing and converting them into the Islam, the Islamic Jihad Union tries to build up its new strong network corpus in Germany and use them for its own sake. The growing dangers from the Islamic Jihad Union should not be approaching not so seriously. Einar Wigen in his researches and analysis introduce the Islamic Jihad Union as the ‘Turkish al-Qaeda’ and considers the Islamic Jihad Union as the globally oriented jihadist group.209 But even the group is inspired with the globally jihad, it is possible to see that its daily operations are based on the classical jihadist format, using the simple guerilla attacks in the Afghanistan like other foreign and local guerilla groups. Recruiting the Turks into radical Islam is among the Islamic Jihad Union’s strategy; even several times the importance of Turks in the Islamic Jihad Union was estimated not so high. One more reason in this case should be understood the geopolitical location of Turkey. The Turkey is shares the borders with European countries and Turks have big Diasporas in Germany which is also necessary to integrate the ideology of the Islamic Jihad Union into Europe. Islamic Jihad Union has published the pictures of the young kids that are holding the real guns and are receiving the military trainings. (Pictures 12, 13, 14)210   
Picture 12 Picture 13 Picture 14 The first picture shows the three boys which considered being 5 or 6 years old, second picture shows the girl dressed in a full Muslim dress which is considered being 2 years old and in the third picture six children who considered being 2 years old were sitting in front of the weapons and Islamic Jihad Union’s flag.211 The Islamic Jihad Union mentioned that some of those children lost their parent in the US and UK invasion and thanked the people for supporting them.212
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Conclusion After the 11 September 2001 terror attacks, the United States of America and European countries increased their efforts in combating against the global terrorism in the whole world, especially in the Central Asia where the number of terrorists’ networks are operating and active till today. Central Asian region meets several dangerous transnational threats, mainly the international terrorism and religious extremism. Islamic activism in the Central Asian countries is growing every day and many local or foreign groups are encouraging with the Islamic activism. The Islamic activism is the activism where Islam shapes the ideological core of the group. Many ideologies and groups are using the Islam in order to legitimize their violence against the infidels. This work makes it easy to understand the structure, the methods, the ideology and the role of the Islamic Jihad Union in international terrorism and in general to define what kind of organization the Islamic Jihad Union is. The death of the leader of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Juma Namangani and the transition of the power to Tahir Yuldashev can be considered to be the beginning phase of the Islamic Jihad Union. The Islamic Jihad Union is the split organization of Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. The group is encouraged with the global jihad ideologies and is fighting against the secular regime in Uzbekistan. The Islamic Jihad Union is closely cooperates with the well known international terrorist groups as al-Qaeda and Taliban. The organization is operates in Afghanistan, Pakistan and are trying to establish strong cells in European countries in which the Germany and Turkey can be the bright examples. The group is also successfully continuing to recruit the Turkish origin people in Europe, which is estimated very high by al-Qaeda terror link. The Islamic Jihad Union because of its ideology joining to the global jihad and fighting against the Western coalition in Afghanistan is very attractive to the al-Qaeda rather than Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. The attracting of Turks into the group that links to the al-Qaeda can be estimated as the ability and willingness of the transformation of al-Qaeda in which dominates the Arabs, into the international organization that successfully recruit the Kurds, Pakistanis and the European Muslims. There are 4 types of the recruitment and radicalization: ‘1) individual and socio psychological-focuses on the identity characteristics and transformations of the activists who turn into radical Islam 2) organization and network-focuses on the collective and relational aspects of recruitment and radicalization; 3) structural and environment-shifts the focus from the individual organizational levels to a structural or political environment level; 4) media and communication-adopts a media and communication approach o the issue of recruitment and radicalization.219 These methods can be found among the Islamic Jihad Union’s recruitment strategy. Because of the low control by the Pakistani government the FATA region of Pakistan plays an important role for the Islamic Union’s military trainings. The Islamic Jihad Union is a small organization which includes several hundreds of recruits varying between 100 and 200. Islamic Jihad Union uses the classical guerilla attack methods in order to defeat its enemies. The leaders of the Islamic Jihad Union Najmiddin Jalolov and Suhayl Buranov founded the organization in 2002. The group first was known as the Islamic Jihad Group, and in 2005 it changed its name and became the Islamic Jihad Union. The fundamental core of the organization was formed from the fighters of Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, who left the organization because of the differences in ideology and joined the Islamic Jihad Union. The organization gained the first international attention in 2004 when it conducted several attacks in the cities of Uzbekistan and is entered as the first organization that used the suicide bombers in the Central Asia. Choosing the Israeli and United States embassies in Uzbekistan at 2004 as their targets the Islamic Jihad Union shows the seriousness of his globally oriented ideology. The group is using the internet website (Sehadet Zamani) which is in Turkish language. This is also the evidence that the organization is seeking to recruit the Turkish jihadists. The group is also known as the ‘Turkish al-Qaeda’. The recruitment through internet also have a social aspects, however the Internet and modern communication technologies opens new opportunities for the potential recruits to radicalize into Islamic activism and to communicate with different persons and groups that have their own experience. The Islamic Jihad Union is also made an attempt to commit the terror attacks in the Pakistan near the palace of the President of Pakistan in 2006. That attemps were detained by the Pakistani Inter Service Intelligence agents. Islamic Jihad Union tried to act the bloodiest terror actions in Germany with the help of German and Turkish radicalized into Islam recruits in 2007 which was detained by the US and German secret services. Two Turks and two German recruits that were suspected in those attacks were jailed by the Germany court in 2010. Using the mosque in Zahedan in the eastern part of Iran Islam Republic the members of the Islamic Jihad Union recruited the recruits from Europe and that mosque was very important center for the Islamic Jihad Union’s logistics. The radical mosque supports useful social environments for the recruitment process into Islam and for the radicalization. Libyan Abu Laith al-Libi was the important person for the Islamic Jihad Union and considered to be their ‘sheikh’. He was also one of the masterminds behind the Sauerland Cell. Abu Laith al-Libi considered to be the contact person between al-Qaeda and Islamic Jihad Union and the commissar of the al-Qaeda in the Central Asia. He died in American attack in Waziristan in 2008 January. The mutual conducted operations with the Taliban and al-Qaeda in the provinces of Afghanistan against the NATO, Afghan National Army, and US military forces, show that Islamic Jihad Union became the globally oriented organization and is not thinking to be only the home player in the region. It is important to mention that even the group seeks the ways to join the global jihad it is seriously depends on the al-Qaeda and Taliban’s supports. The Islamic Jihad Union is considered by the Western countries and United States as the terrorist organization connected to al-Qaeda. The future of the Islamic Jihad Union is unclear. 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Available at: http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4804&tx_ttnews[backPid]=167&no_cache=1 Iste 60 ABD askerini olduren Turk intihar komandosu’ Habervitrini, ‘Turkiyenin Haber Merkezi’ 07 March 2008, available at: http://www.habervitrini.com/haber.asp?id=329397 Islamic Jihad Union: ‘Attack by Sa’ad Abu Furqan’ (From Video, Video was in Turkish and Arabic) video available at: http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=63b_1208282417 Islami Cihad Ittehadi, Selaheddin Turki’den Turk Mucahidlere , Sehadet Zamani, 10/06/2008 (original in Turkish language) available at: http://www.sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=1926 Islami Cihad Itteehadi ile Ropartaj, Islami Cihad Ittehadi Emiri Ebu Yahya Muhammad Fatih ile Ropartajimiz, Sehadet Zamani, 31/05/2007, available at: http://www.sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=1203 Iwan Watson, ‘A Journey to the Treacherous Road to Kabul’ 1 June 2008, available at: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91034372 Islami Cihad Ittehadi Operasyonlari….06/06/2008 available at: http://sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=1925 Islami Cihadi Ittehadi Sehitleri, Sehadet Zamani, 10 September 2008, available at: http://sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=1984 Islami Cihad Ittehadi Operasiyonlari…Sehadet Zamani, 04/08/2008, available athttp://sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=1950: Islami Cihad Ittehadi 17 Agustos Operasiyonlari…Sehadet Zamani, 21 August 2008 available at: http://sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=1970 Islami Cihad Ittehadi Operasyonlari….Sehadet Zamani, 25 August 2008, available at: http://sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=1972 Islami Cihad Ittehadi Operasyonlari, Sehadet Zamani, 07 September 2008, available at: http://sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=2000 Islam Cihadi Ittehadi Operasyon Raporu…Sehadet Zamani, 04 December 2008, available at: http://sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=2013 Islami Cihadi Ittehadi Operasyonlari….Sehadet Zamani, 05/05/2008, available at: http://sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=1916 Islami Cihad Ittehadi Operasyon Raporu, Islami Cihad Ittehadi ve Afganistan Islam Emirligi Mucahidlerinin, Kafirlere, Munafiklara ve Puta Tapanlara Karsi Ortaklasa Duzenledikleri Askeri Operasiyonlari, Sehadet Zamani, 01/06/2009, available at: http://sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=2112 Islami Cihad Ittehadi Operasiyon Raporu….Sehadet Zamani, 18 June 2009, available at: http://sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=2126 Juma Namangani google pictures, http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.axisglobe.com/Image/2005/11/30/Uzbek1/4.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.axisglobe.com/article.asp%3Farticle%3D508&usg=__nBuPqTQMaEaQ6NozA5McH8nZhd4=&h=150&w=116&sz=14&hl=en&start=0&sig2=dr2FW7yQqAbePyaW49VVVg&zoom=1&tbnid=EVb6qCCrqU5jGM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=92&ei=UujGTI3yNofMswbquIXZDQ&prev=/images%3Fq%3DJuma%2BNamangani%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D687%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=622&vpy=181&dur=916&hovh=120&hovw=92&tx=101&ty=37&oei=UujGTI3yNofMswbquIXZDQ&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:3,s Jan Mohammad, ‘Could IMU Chief’s Death Curb Rebel Force in Afghanistan?’, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, ARR Issue 340, October 12, 2009, available at: http://iwpr.net/report-news/could-imu-chiefs-death-curb-rebel-force-afghanistan-0 Jim Nichol, Central Asia Security: Issues and Implications for United States interests, Congressional research service, 11, March 2010 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL30294.pdf Ken Mc Cracken, ‘The Anatomy of a Foiled International Terror Plot’ September 12, 2007, available at: http://sayanythingblog.com/entry/the_anatomy_of_a_foiled_international_terror_plot/ Kampf gegen Terror, Cuneyt CiftcI alias, available at: http://www.faz.net/s/RubF359F74E867B46C1A180E8E1E1197DEE/Doc~ED16860A8C3D2464EA476752D0DA8CBF9~ATpl~Ecommon~SMed.html Karl Roberts, John Horgan, ‘Risk Assessment and Terrorism’ Volume II, Issue 6, available at: http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine&view=article&id=42&Itemid=54 Michael Isikoff, ‘Two Suspects Who Got Away’. Part 2, Newsweek, 03 October 2007, available at: http://www.newsweek.com/2007/10/02/the-suspects-who-got-away.html Massive Islamic Terror Bust: Mosque is War room, 06 September 2007, available at: http://atlasshrugs2000.typepad.com/atlas_shrugs/2007/09/massive-islamic.html Mehhennet Souad, Nicholas Kulish, ‘Suspects denies ties to German Bomb Plot’, The New York Times 12 October 2007, available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/12/world/europe/12germany.html?_r=1 Mark Birdsall, ‘Ramstein and 9/11 Horizon’ Operation Alberich, EYE SPY INTELLIGENCE MAGAZINE, issue 51 page 2, October 2007, available at: http://www.eyespymag.com/51contentsblack.pdf Matthias Gebauer, ‘The Smiling Suicide Bomber’ SPIEGEL ONLINE INTERNATIONAL, 03/ 27/2008, available at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,543768,00.html Muhammad Amir Rana, The Taliban Consolidate Control in Pakistan’s Tribal Regions, Combatting Terrorism Center Sential, June 2008 vol 1 issue 7 page 8. Available at: http://www.ctc.usma.edu/sentinel/CTCSentinel-Vol1Iss7.pdf Michael Fedlholm, ‘From the Ferghana Valley to Waziristan and beyond: The Role of Uzbek Islamic Extremists in the civil wars of Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan’, Department of South and Central Asian Studies, Stokholm University, Montrep, No 22, August 25, 2010, available at: http://www.miis.edu/media/view/21345/original/kavkazjihad_montrep_iiper_22_aug31_2010.pdf Martin Gus. Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues, Thousand Oaks: Sage publications, 2003. Neil J Smith, ‘The faces of terrorism: social and psychological dimensions’, Princeton University Press, page 90, 2007, available at: http://books.google.com/books?id=f2Mdl2gR_ygC&pg=PA90&dq=terrorism+and+ideology&hl=en&ei=087tTJT8IMqSswbhwrmHCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=terrorism%20and%20ideology&f=false Nicholas Kulish and Souad Mekhennet, ‘In Plot Suspect, Germany Sees Familiar Face’ , The New York Times, 7 September 2007, available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/07/world/europe/07fritz.html?scp=1&sq=In%20Plot%20Suspect,%20Germany%20Sees%20Familiar%20Face&st=cse Neil Doyle, ‘Children of Jihad’, 3 December 2009, available at: http://www.neildoyle.com/1434/exclusive/jihad-babies/ Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Patterns of Global Terrorism 1996. U.S Department of State publication 10433, Washington D.C: State Department, 1997, p. VI Photos were taken from ’Islamic Jihad Unions AK-47 Stunts With Tiny Tots’, 03 December 2009, available at: http://www.indiatvnews.com/main/newsdetails.php?id=441&mod=2&smod=main Ptrick Goodenough, ‘Pakistan Taliban Wants to be seen As Part of Global Jihad’, CNS NEWS, 05 May 2010, available at: http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/65266 Peter Bergen and Bruce Hoffman, ‘Assessing the terrorist threat’ A report of the Bipartisan Policy Center’s National Security Preparedness Group, Bipartisan Policy Center, 10 September 2010,page 13-14, Available at: http://media.mcclatchydc.com/static/pdf/terrorism-report.pdf Patrick Donahue, ‘German Terrorists Sentenced to Prison After Foiled Bomb Attack’ 04 March 2010, Bloomberg Business week, available at: http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-03-04/german-terrorists-sentenced-to-prison-after-foiled-bomb-attack.html Photo by Pool/Getty Images Europe, 22 April 2009, available at: http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/80EyV3Zb0Zs/Sauerland+Group+Terror+Trial+Begins/T5MzdHkF5xW/Adem+Yilmaz Photo by Getty Images Europe, 22 February 2010, available at: http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/DPcmRrFyhjz/Sauerland+Group+Terror+Trial+Final+Days/PxKxM_sA8zM/Fritz+Gelowicz Photo, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1287881/Suspected-U-S-missile-strike-kills-13-people-Pakistan.html Photo from Global Jihad, Daniel Schneider, available at: http://www.globaljihad.net/view_page.asp?id=1199 Paul Hamilos, The worst Islamist attack in European history, guardian co uk, 31 october 2007, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/31/spain Richard Esposito, ‘Explosive Elements found in SUV Left in Times Square’ 1 May 2010, available at: http://abcnews.go.com/US/nycs-times-square-evacuated-bomb-scare/story?id=10530777 Roger Boyes, ‘German terror suspect met 9/11 hijacker’ , The Sunday Times, 7 September 2007, available at: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2407656.ece Roger Boyes, ‘Bavarian Cueneyt Ciftci is Germany’s first suicide bomber’, The Times, 18 March 2008, available at: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3571785.ece Roland Strobele, ‘Southern German Towns Become Hub of Jihadism’ World Politics Review Exclusive, 17 September 2007, available at: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/1142/southern-german-towns-become-hub-of-jihadism Ronald Sandee, the NEFA foundation, the Islamic Jihad Union, 14, 10, 2008 hlllttp://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefaijuoct08.pdf Schmid, Alex P and Albert J, Jongman, Political Terrorism. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1998 . The book reports 100 experts definition on terrorism Security Service MI5, Terrorist Methods, available at: https://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/terrorist-methods.html Simone Kaisen, Marcel Rosenbach and Holger Stark, ‘How the Central Intelligence Agency’ helped Germany foil terrorism plot’ Operation Alberich, SPIEGEL ONLINE INTERNATIONAL, 09/10/2007, available at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,504837,00.html Said Kurdi’den Istihadi Operasyon, Sehadet Zamani, (original is in Turkish language) 06/06/ 2008, available at: http://sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=1923 Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning al-Qaeda and the Taliban and Associated individuals and Entities, QI,G, 259,08, Fritz Martin Gelowicz, available at: http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/NSQI25908E.shtml Stefan Meining and Ahmet Senyurt, ‘The Case of Bavarian Taliban’, Current Trends in Islamist Ideology Volume 7, Hudson Institute, 11 November 2008, available at : http://www.currenttrends.org/research/detail/the-case-of-the-bavarian-taliban Syed Irfan Reza, Mohammad Ashgar and Manawwar Azzem, Two live rockets found near presidency, Dawn, 6 October, available at: http://www.dawn.com/2006/10/06/top1.htm Thomas W Sulcer, Common Sense II: How to prevent the three types of terrorism, 2008 p 19 , available at http://books.google.com/books?id=IEJD55WILqwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=types+of+terrorism&hl=en&ei=WByuTKI8wsqzBsiXgb0N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q&f=false Thomas Olesen ‘Social Movement Theory and Radical Activism’, Farhad Khosrokhavar ‘Jihadism in the Europe and Middle East’, Islamism as a Social Movement, Aarhus University, Denmark, Tahir Juldashev, Radio Liberty, by Bruce Painner, 17 august 2010, http://www.rferl.org/content/IMU_Announces_Longtime_Leader_Dead_Names_Successor/2130382.html?page=1&x=1#relatedInfoContainer Thomas Hegghammer, ‘The ideological Hybridization of Jihadi Groups’ Current Trends in Islamist ideology, vol 9, Hudson Institute, published on November 18, 2009, available at: http://www.currenttrends.org/research/detail/the-ideological-hybridization-of-jihadi-groups Thomas Hegghammer, ‘Jihadi Salafis or Revolutionaries? On Religion and Politics in the Study of Militant Islamism’ Part 3, Jihadi Saladism, page 260, available at: http://hegghammer.com/_files/Hegghammer_-_jihadi_salafis_or_revolutionaries.pdf Thomas Hegghammer, ‘Guest Post: The story of Eric Breininger, 11, March 2010, available at: http://www.jihadica.com/guest-post-the-story-of-eric-breininger/ Taraf, ‘Afghaistana Olmeye Turkler gidiyor’, Cuneyt Ciftci ile ilgili haberler, Ajan Haber, Sosyal Guvenlik, Is Hukuku ve Vergi Portali (in Turkish language) available at: http://www.ajanhaber.com/tag/cuneyt-ciftci/ T.Islam Emirligi 22 Temmuz Operasyonlar….Sehadet Zamani 23/07/2008 available at: http://sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=1941 Tony Paterson, ‘Bomb threat against US base in Germany’ The Independent, Wednesday 12 September 2007, available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bomb-threat-against-us-base-in-germany-402071.html The national Counterterrorism Center, Counterterrorism Calendar 2010, Islamic Jihad Union, available at: http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/iju.html Tiffani Nye, ‘Times Square car bomb attempt’, Helium politics, news and issues, 1 May 2010, available at: http://www.helium.com/items/1821916-car-bomb-bombing-nyc-times-square-terrorist-attack Times Square Car Bomb Suspect Faces Terrorism Charges After Admitting to Plot’, Fox news, 04 May 2010, available at: http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/05/04/pakistani-american-arrested-times-square-plot/ Unknown, The Haqqani Network, Institute for the Study of War, Military Analysis and Education for Civilian Leader, available at: http://www.understandingwar.org/themenode/haqqani-network United States Department of the Treasury, Federal Bureau of Investigations, alphabetical listing of specially designated nationals and blocked persons. Available at http://www.firstar.eu/BLACKLIST/FBI-List/PDF/Z.pdf United States Department of Treasury, Office for Foreign Assets controls 06, 18, 2008. Available at:: http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/actions/20080618.shtml United States Code. 3077 available at http://frwebgate1.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/PDFgate.cgi?WAISdocID=pWHDGX/0/2/0&WAISaction=retrieve U.S Department of States, Country reports on Terrorism, Chapter 6, 5 August 2009, available at: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2009/140900.htm US Department of State, Foreign Terrorist Organizations, 4 November 2010, available at: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm World news, Islamic Jihad Union, NEFA Foundations video, available at: http://wn.com/Islamic_Jihad_Union Whittaker, David J., ed, The Terrorism Reader. New York: Routledge, 2001, p 3. Also available at: http://books.google.com/books?id=G8-gg6q_zEMC&pg=PR10&dq=Whittaker,+David+J.++Terrorism+Reader.+New+York:+Routledge,+2001&hl=en&ei=xUOrTKayCYOLswbGmumjBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Whittaker%2C%20David%20J.%20%20Terrorism%20Reader.%20New%20York%3A%20Routledge%2C%202001&f=false William H, Kaempfer, Anton D, Lowenberg, and William Mertens, ‘An Interest Groups Analysis of Transnational Terrorism’ page 1, January 28 2005 available at: http://www.pubchoicesoc.org/papers2005/Kaempfer_Lowenberg_Mertens.pdf Walter Enders and Todd Sandler , ‘Terrorism an introduction’. Cambridge University Press, page 3 available at: http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/51008/excerpt/9780521851008_excerpt.pdf Yassin Musharbash, ‘The Memoirs of a German Jihadist’ Eric Breininger’s death , SPIEGEL ONLINE INTERNATIONAL, 05/05/2010, available at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,693216,00.html Yassin Musharbagh, Holger Stark and Susanee Koelbl, ‘Police in Pakistan arrest German Islamists’ SPIEGEL ONLINE INTERNATIONAL, 06, 22,2010 available at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,702217,00.html Yassin Musharbash and Matthias Gebauer, ‘German Islamist Appears in New Jihad Video’ Attacks Imminent?, SPIEGER ONLINE INTERNATIONAL, 29/04/2008, available at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,550583,00.html Yassin Musharbash and Marcel Rosenbach, ‘Germany Prepares for Homegrown Terror Trial’, Sauerland Cell in the Dock, SPIEGEL ONLINE INTERNATIONAL, 04/16/2009, available at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,619381,00.html Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waziristan (photo) 2008 Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution’, Federal Ministry of the Interior, available at: http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/SHOW/vsbericht_2008_engl.pdf Феруза Джани: Что такое "Союз исламского джихада": Выдумка спецслужб или "дочка" "Аль-Каиды"? ( original is in Russian), ЦентрАзия, 29, 09 ,2009 available at: http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1254199260 ЦРУ было внедрено в «Союз исламского джихада» (CIA was involved into the Islamic Jihad Union, translated from Russian language, , Uznewsnet, 09/09.2008, available at: http://www.uznews.net/news_single.php?lng=ru&cid=9&sub=&nid=7063 Узбекские силовики молчат об организации Исламский Джихад, (Uzbekistan keeps the silence concerning the Islamic Jihad Union, translated from Russian language), Uzbeknewsnet, 13/09/2007, available at: http://www.uznews.net/news_single.php?lng=ru&sub=top&cid=31&nid=778
1 William H, Kaempfer, Anton D, Lowenberg, and William Mertens, ‘An Interest Groups Analysis of Transnational Terrorism’ page 1, January 28 2005 available at: http://www.pubchoicesoc.org/papers2005/Kaempfer_Lowenberg_Mertens.pdf 2 Walter Enders and Todd Sandler , ‘Terrorism an introduction’. Cambridge University Press, page 3 available at: http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/51008/excerpt/9780521851008_excerpt.pdf 3 Karl Roberts, John Horgan, ‘Risk Assessment and Terrorism’ Volume II, Issue 6, available at: http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine&view=article&id=42&Itemid=54 4 Henry H. Willis, Andrew R, Morral, Terrence K, Kelly, Jamison Jo Medby ‘Center for Terrorism Risk Management Policy’, RAND,page XVI, available at: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG388.pdf 5 Whittaker, David J., ed. The Terrorism Reader. New York: Routledge, 2001, p 3. Also available at: http://books.google.com/books?id=G8-gg6q_zEMC&pg=PR10&dq=Whittaker,+David+J.++Terrorism+Reader.+New+York:+Routledge,+2001&hl=en&ei=xUOrTKayCYOLswbGmumjBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Whittaker%2C%20David%20J.%20%20Terrorism%20Reader.%20New%20York%3A%20Routledge%2C%202001&f=false 6 Martin Gus. Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues . Thousand Oaks: Sage publications, 2003. Page 31 7 Martin Gus. Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues . Thousand Oaks: Sage publications, 2003. Page 32 8 Schmid, Alex P and Albert J, Jongman, Political Terrorism. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1998 . The book reports 100 experts definition on terrorism 9 Political Terrorism (note 4 above) 10 Political Terrorism (note 4 above) 11 Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Patterns of Global Terrorism 1996. U.S Department of State publication 10433., Washington D.C: State Department, 1997, p. vi 12 Charles L. Ruby The definition of terrorism, Analyses of social Issues and Public Policy, pp 10-11 all three criteria are available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2002.00021.x/pdf 13 18. United States Code. 3077 available at http://frwebgate1.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/PDFgate.cgi?WAISdocID=pWHDGX/0/2/0&WAISaction=retrieve 14 Countering urban terrorism in Russia and the United States: proceeding of a workshop, National Research Council (U.S) Glenn E Schweitzer, Rossiiskaia academia nauk, A Chelsea Sharber, National Academics Press 2006, page 211. Available at http://books.google.com/books?id=O_5l1mc4Gj0C&pg=PA211&dq=types+of+terrorism&hl=en&ei=W_WtTMTPB4bJswb5rbGwDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=types%20of%20terrorism&f=false 15 Martin Gus. Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues . Thousand Oaks: Sage publications, 2003. Page 31-32. 16 Bruno S Frey, Dealing with terrorism-stick or carrot, 2004, page 6 17 Bruno S Frey, Dealing with terrorism-stick or carrot, 2004, page 6 18 Bruno S Frey, Dealing with terrorism-stick or carrot, 2004, page 7 19 Thomas W Sulcer, Common Sense II: How to prevent the three types of terrorism, 2008 p 19 , available at http://books.google.com/books?id=IEJD55WILqwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=types+of+terrorism&hl=en&ei=WByuTKI8wsqzBsiXgb0N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q&f=false 20 Thomas W Sulcer (note 14 above) 21 Thomas W Sulcer (note 14 above) 22 Hoffman Bruce Inside Terrorism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988 pp25-26 23 Paul Hamilos, The worst Islamist attack in European history, guardian co uk, 31 october 2007, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/31/spain 24 Paul Hamilos, The worst Islamist attack in European history, guardian co uk, 31 october 2007, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/31/spain 25 Security Service MI5, Terrorist Methods, available at: https://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/terrorist-methods.html 26 Assaf Moghadam, ‘The roots of Terrorism’, page 65, Infobase Publishing 2006, available at: http://books.google.com/books?id=DQdgnRgXeiUC&pg=PA64&dq=ideology+of+terrorism&hl=en&ei=_sDtTP6SHI6PswaR25GBCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCcQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=ideology%20of%20terrorism&f=false 27 Carol Winker, ‘In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post World War II era, page 7, published in State University of New York Press, Albany, 2006. Available at: http://books.google.com/books?id=HQt4-ylX_TAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Carol+Winkler&hl=en&ei=QMftTIHlFYLusgbWt8WQCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false 28 Martin Gus. Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues . Thousand Oaks: Sage publications, 2003. Page 37 29 Neil J Smith, ‘The faces of terrorism: social and psychological dimensions’, Princeton University Press, page 90, 2007, available at: http://books.google.com/books?id=f2Mdl2gR_ygC&pg=PA90&dq=terrorism+and+ideology&hl=en&ei=087tTJT8IMqSswbhwrmHCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=terrorism%20and%20ideology&f=false 30 Michael Fedlholm, ‘From the Ferghana Valley to Waziristan and beyond: The Role of Uzbek Islamic Extremists in the civil wars of Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan’, Department of South and Central Asian Studies, Stokholm University, Montrep, No 22, August 25, 2010, available at: http://www.miis.edu/media/view/21345/original/kavkazjihad_montrep_iiper_22_aug31_2010.pdf 31 Tahir Juldashev, Radio Liberty, by Bruce Painner, 17 august 2010, http://www.rferl.org/content/IMU_Announces_Longtime_Leader_Dead_Names_Successor/2130382.html?page=1&x=1#relatedInfoContainer 32 Juma Namangani google pictures, http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.axisglobe.com/Image/2005/11/30/Uzbek1/4.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.axisglobe.com/article.asp%3Farticle%3D508&usg=__nBuPqTQMaEaQ6NozA5McH8nZhd4=&h=150&w=116&sz=14&hl=en&start=0&sig2=dr2FW7yQqAbePyaW49VVVg&zoom=1&tbnid=EVb6qCCrqU5jGM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=92&ei=UujGTI3yNofMswbquIXZDQ&prev=/images%3Fq%3DJuma%2BNamangani%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D687%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=622&vpy=181&dur=916&hovh=120&hovw=92&tx=101&ty=37&oei=UujGTI3yNofMswbquIXZDQ&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0 33 Bill Roggio, ‘Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan confirms leader Thir Yuldashev killed’, The Long War Journal, 16 August 2010, available at: http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2010/08/islamic_movement_of_1.php 34 The vast Fergana valley stretching across eastern Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan has long been a hotbed of Islamic militancy. The geographic divisions, a Soviet legacy based on divide and rule, have left an uneasy geopolitical patchwork amongst the former Soviet ‘Stan’s’ of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. While Moscow was seeking to disentangle itself from its Afghanistan intervention in the late 1980’s there were regular demonstrations accosts the Soviet Union involving up to 100,000 people. In particular vicious inter-ethnic fighting spread to the Fergana region of Uzbekistan. The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan emerged from the Fergana region of Uzbekistan. Anthony Tucker Jones, A history of violence in the Fergana Valley, Defense management journal, 09, July, 2010, Available at: http://www.defencemanagement.com/feature_story.asp?id=14529 35 Gulnoza SAIDAZIMOVA, ‘Central Asia: Is Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Really Back?’ Radio Free Europe, 2 February 2006, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1065364.html 36 Bruno De Cordier, Conflict research group, The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and the Islamic Jihad Union: a jihadi nebulous in Central Asia and European Union, Caucasus Europe news, 02/07/2008 http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=344 37 Igor Rotar, ‘The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan: A Resurgent Imu?’ Global Terrorism Amalysis, Terrorism Monitor Vollume 1 issue 8, 18 December 2003, available at: http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=26187&tx_ttnews[backPid]=178&no_cache=1 38 Guido Steinberg, A Turkish al-Qaeda: The Islamic Jihad Union and the Internationalization of Uzbek Jihadism, page 5 http://www.swp-berlin.org/common/get_document.php?asset_id=5147 39 Асет Аскаров, Исламское движение Узбекистана, История трансформаций, 25,12,2008, ( Aset Askerov Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Historical transformation, translated from Russian language ) http://www.easttime.ru/analitic/1/1/542.html 40 Abraham Shmulevich (Авраам Шмулевич) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan starts jihad in Kyrgyzstan (Исламское Движение Узбекистана начинает джихад в Киргизии) 18, august 2010. 7kanal publication (from Russian into English) http://www.7kanal.com/article.php3?id=277458 41 Michael Fedlholm, ‘From the Ferghana Valley to Waziristan and beyond: The Role of Uzbek Islamic Extremists in the civil wars of Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan’, Department of South and Central Asian Studies, Stokholm University, Montrep, No 22, August 25, 2010, available at: http://www.miis.edu/media/view/21345/original/kavkazjihad_montrep_iiper_22_aug31_2010.pdf 42 Jan Mohammad, ‘Could IMU Chief’s Death Curb Rebel Force in Afghanistan?’, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, ARR Issue 340, October 12, 2009, available at: http://iwpr.net/report-news/could-imu-chiefs-death-curb-rebel-force-afghanistan-0 43 Ronald Sandee, the NEFA foundation, the Islamic Jihad Union, 14, 10, 2008 pp 1-2 hlllttp://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefaijuoct08.pdf 44 Jim Nichol, Central Asia Security: Issues and Implications for United States interests, Congressional research service, 11, March 2010 page 32. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL30294.pdf 45 Central Asia news, Leader of Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan threatens presidents Karimov, Bakiyev and Rakhmanov, Ferghane information agency, staff correspondent, 13, o9, 2006, available at : http://enews.ferghana.ru/article.php?id=1595 46 Bill Roggo, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan conforms leader Tahir Yuldashev killed, The Long War Journal, 16th August 2010. Available at: http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2010/08/islamic_movement_of_1.php 47 Guido Steinberg, A Turkish al-Qaeda: The Islamic Jihad Union and the Internationalization of Uzbek Jihadism, page 5 http://www.swp-berlin.org/common/get_document.php?asset_id=5147 48 Guido Steinberg, The Islamic Jihad Union, on the internationalization of Uzbek Jihadism, Stiftung Wissencschaft und Politic, German Institute for International Security Affairs, 7 April, 2008 page 2, available at: http://www.swp-berlin.org/common/get_document.php?asset_id=4883 49 Guido Steinberg, a Turkish al-Qaeda: The Islamic Jihad Union and the Internationalization of the Uzbek Jihadism, Center for contemporary conflict. Available at: http://www.swp-berlin.org/common/get_document.php?asset_id=5147 50 One of the leaders of the Islamic Jihad Union was born in 1972 in Andijan in Uzbekistan. Has undertaken special training on mines and explosives at al-Qaeda lagers and participated in military operations in Afghanistan and Pakistan on the Taliban side. Was one of the organizers of the terrorist attacks committed in Uzbekistan in 1999 and 2004. Criminal proceedings were instituted against him in March 1999 in accordance with the following articles of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan: articles 154, 155,156,159,242 and 244. Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1267 (1999) and successor resolutions, including resolutions 1822 (2008), the subject is under the following United Nations Sanctions. Download 397.92 Kb. Share with your friends:
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