Measuring "Sprawl:" Alternative Measures of Urban Form in U. S. Metropolitan Areas
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Conclusions In this paper we have attempted to move the discussion of "sprawl" ahead by considering a range of measures that can be constructed from a single year’s Census tract-level data. We have not exhausted the possible set of measures that could be constructed; in particular, we have not constructed any dynamic measures based on changes. But we have constructed and compared a fuller set than has been analyzed before in a cross-metropolitan context. We generally find, perhaps not surprisingly, that many alternative measures exist and that widely speaking, most tell the same story. The indicators most commonly used by urban economists, average population density and the density gradient, perform reasonably well. We do propose an alternate measure based on order statistics that we think has some advantages. We also discussed some extensions to our current work, including the use of spatial autocorrelation based measures and measures based on changes. Armed with these and other indexes, academic research into "urban sprawl" can place today’s policy debates on a firmer footing. Armed with the indicators we've constructed and detailed in this paper, cross-MSA empirical research can proceed on a range of issues. These include a more detailed treatment of the costs and benefits of "sprawl," including a particular focus on the interplay between transportation and urban form. However, there are still significant gains to be had by further research on these measurement issues. In addition to applying more of the recent technology from urban geography, such as alternative models of spatial autocorrelation, urban decentralization is a dynamic phenomenon. As 2000 Census data becomes available there could be large gains to carrying out similar exercises for more recent data (and for other Census years), permitting the modeling of decentralization in changes. References Allen, W. Bruce, Dong Liu and Scott Singer. 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