Microsoft Word training manual on hate speech for kenya police service 1 Autosaved docx

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Enforcing the law on Hate Speech Page 26 Allow other participants to comment on their observation, taking into account what the concepts they have learned. Ask questions to the actors on their experience If time allows. as many participants as possible should take part
3. Brainstorming Brainstorming is a group creativity technique through which a group tries to find a solution fora specific problem. It is more effective for problem solving than when an individual works alone in generating ideas. The disadvantage of brainstorming is that groups tend to digress from the relevant issue, and this can decrease effectiveness. Suggested procedure for guiding brainstorming sessions Ask a question relating to the topic under discussion. Note the answers given by participants on flip chart and display on the wall. Allow discussion on each answer noted. At the end, let the group evaluate the ideas based on a given criteria and make their own conclusion.
4. Discussions Ina discussion, the participants share ideas or experiences , facts, opinions in groups or in plenary. This is important for clarifying concepts, getting others opinions, generating ideas and building consensus.

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Enforcing the law on Hate Speech Page 27 Suggestions for the discussion process Ask a question relating to the topic of discussion. Divide the learners into groups to discuss specific aspects of the question posed. Let the learners know how much time they have for the discussion. Encourage active participation. Let the respective groups choose a chair to guide the discussion and a secretary to take note and present back to the larger group. Summarize the discussion, highlighting what was well done and wht could have been done differently.
5. Resource persons To enrich the training, the trainer may find it necessary to utilize a resource person in conducting specific parts of the training. The resource person must bean expert or have specialized knowledge in a certain area. It is preferable if the person has practical experience and a track record in the subject he or she will be facilitating. The possible expert in a training on hate speech may include a lawyer, a human rights practitioner, experienced investigators, prosecutors, administrators dealing with community tensions, or scholars. The purpose for this could be multi-pronged, including Clarifying a controversial issue Explaining anew concept Providing real life examples to reinforce the learning of the concepts Discussing a technical aspect Suggested procedure for engaging a resource person or expert Identify the controversial or difficult topic that requires expert input.

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Enforcing the law on Hate Speech Page 28 Identify the expert and provide the terms of reference. Let the learners know in advance about the engagement of the expert and the area he/she will be handling. Allow adequate time for the presentation, question and answers, and response by the expert. Summarize key highlights.
6. Reflection Exercises These are activities that give the participants a chance to think through issues, consider the available options and the likely consequences of those options. They should be able to come up with a solution based on the options they choose.
7. Evaluation At the end of the training, it is important to assess the extent to which the training objectives and the expectations of the participants have been met. This can be done through reminding the learners about the objectives of the training and asking for their honest opinion as to whether those objectives were met. It can also be undertaken through a questionnaire developed in advance which they should answer, without necessarily indicating their names on the questionnaire.

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Enforcing the law on Hate Speech Page 29 MODULE 2
Hate Speech Ingredients, Components and Interpretive Jurisprudence on Hate Speech Methodology Short lectures Case studies Discussions Role plays Learning Resources Newspaper extracts Flip charts/markers Writing paper Masking tape LCD projector Computer Objectives By the end of this session, the participants will be able to
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Name the relevant national and international statutes and Instruments that address hate speech. Explain the provisions of those statutes and instruments. Distinguish freedom of expression from what constitutes hate speech.

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Enforcing the law on Hate Speech Page 30 Explain the legal interpretations advanced by courts on the ingredients and components of hate speech. This session may begin by asking the participants whether they have heard any statements that they consider to be hate speech. Let share those examples. List all the shared statements on flip chart and display them on the wall. Time required 10 Minutes As the trainer goes through the presentation on components and ingredients of hate speech, she/he could keep referring back to those statements to check whether they actually amount to hate speech) Exercise 2 Readout the following case study to the learners
Kileleni is a forest complex which is the largest water tower in Kibarani County. The Kibarani county is predominantly occupied by the Kilenenis and the Jambini minority. The Kileleni forest complex has recently been a subject of debate following heavy destruction through illegal logging and settlement leading to severe water shortage in the country. The government has made a decision to evict all the members of the Kileleni community currently occupying the forest. The issue has been highly politicized with some legislators saying it would be inhuman to vacate the settlers without giving them an alternative. Tensions are high A task force has been appointed to, among others, oversee the evictions of the illegal inhabitants of the forest. The head of the task force is from the Jambini community. There have been historical tensions between the two communities since independence and there have been several conflicts over resources in the past. Ina political rally attended by over 5000 members of the Kileleni Community, Kajogoo, a

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Enforcing the law on Hate Speech Page 31 popular politician swears that if the if the threatened evictions take place, members of the community of “ short people ( in reference to the Jambini community) will “ face the music. Ask the participants whether this amounts to hate speech, and if so, why Let them point out the specific aspects that makes it hate speech as opposed to the exercising of the right to freedom of expression. Note on a flip chart what the participants say. Time Required 15 Minutes The purpose of this exercises is to introduce the legal definitions of hate speech in an interactive manner, as a basis for the discussion on what constitutes hate speech. At the end of the session, the responses on flip chart will serve to extent to which the responses noted challenge meet the legal threshold of hate speech. SECTION A What is hate speech There is no universally agreed definition of hate speech. Most countries have adopted legislations banning expressions that can be included in this concept, but with slight differences. It generally refers to as words of incitement and hatred against individuals based on certain group characteristics they share. It includes speech that advocates or encourages violent acts against a specific group, and creates a climate of hate or prejudice, which may in turn foster the commission of hate crimes. The identification of expressions that could be qualified as hate speech can be difficult because this kind of speech does not necessarily manifest itself through the expression of hatred or of

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Enforcing the law on Hate Speech Page 32 emotions. It can also be concealed in statements which at a first glance may seem to be rational or normal. It often entails interethnic hostility. The international contextual and legal framework for hate speech Hate speech is not unique to Kenya and the international community has had to make provisions for addressing it indifferent contexts. Even though freedom of speech is internationally recognized, certain limitations are placed to ensure that this freedom does not infringe on the rights of others. For purposes of this training , we will consider a few examples Trainers Guide As the trainer goes through the provisions, he she should write down all the keywords such as dissemination “ racial superiority hatred incitement, discrimination. This will help the learners internalize the key components of hate speech.
1. The international Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination The International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) Article 4 states that All dissemination of ideas on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination , as well as acts of violence or incitement to such acts against any race or group of persons of another colour or ethnic origin , and the provision of any assistance to racist activities, including the financing thereof is an offence punishable bylaw.

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Enforcing the law on Hate Speech Page 33 This convention also declares illegal and prohibits propaganda activities which promote and incite racial discrimination. It further prohibits national and local public authorities and institutions from inciting racial discrimination.
2. European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms states in Article 10 that Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, maybe subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions and penalties as are prescribed bylaw and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health and morals, for the protection of rights and freedoms set forth herein or at their limitation to a greater extent than is provided for in the convention. In 1997 the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted a Recommendation on hate speech which stated the term shall be understood as covering all forms of expression which spread, incite, promote or justify racial hatred, xenophobia, anti-
Semitism or other forms of hatred based on intolerance, including intolerance expressed by aggressive nationalism and ethnocentrism, discrimination and hostility against minorities, migrants and people of immigrant origin. The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) has also recommended criminalizing expressions which can be considered racist speech, notably

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Enforcing the law on Hate Speech Page 34 when it intentionally and publicly incites to violence, to hatred, or discrimination on grounds of race, colour, language, religion, nationality or national or ethnic origin. These provisions brings out the importance of respecting rights of others while exercising the freedom of expression. This implies that the freedom of expression is not absolute and can be restricted for the public good, including the need to protect everyone from any kind of harm. Section B Interpretative jurisprudence of hate speech Currently in Kenya, jurisprudence on hate speech has not been developed. However, reference can be made to experiences of courts in other jurisdictions which have made pronouncements that are useful in guiding the interpretation of what constitutes hate speech. A few examples are given below
1. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) The following observation was made by the international Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in the case of Prosecutor v. Ferdinand Nahimana, Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza and Hassan Ngeze
, case no. ICTR-99–52-T (the 'Media Trial Speech constituting ethnic hatred resulted from the stereotyping of ethnic groups combined with denigration. The court examined the tone of a broadcast

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Enforcing the law on Hate Speech Page 35 that stated about the Tutsi that they are the ones who have all the money , observing it was a generalization that has been extended to the Tutsi population as a whole. It further observed that the tone of the broadcast conveyed the hostility and resentment of the journalist, noting that while this broadcast, did not call on listeners to take action of any kind, it demonstrated the progression from ethnic consciousness to harmful ethnic stereotyping.
In the case of Prosecutor v Akayesu the court observed that In light of the culture of Rwanda, acts of incitement can be viewed as director not, by focusing mainly on the issue of whether the persons for whom the message was intended immediately grasped the implication thereof. (ICTR a para. 558). The ICTR also further observed that culture, including the nuances of the Kinyarwanda language, were important in determining what constitutes direct and public incitement to commit genocide. The principal consideration is the meaning of the words used in the specific context it does not matter that the message may appear ambiguous to another audience or in another context.
2. Turkey
Ibrahim Incal v Turkey case mo 41/1997/825/1031 In this case the applicant, a council member of apolitical party was convicted under the Turkish Penal Code for involvement in the intended distribution of pamphlets. The pamphlets claimed that the restrictions imposed on street vendors were apart of a larger plan to drive Kurds back to their region, and called on patriots and democrats to organize themselves and resist the plans.
3. South Africa

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Enforcing the law on Hate Speech Page 36 RV Nkatlo1950 (1) SA 26 (c) p In South Africa, the court has held that the absence of actual intent to promote feelings of hostility constitutes a complete defence, even where objectively viewed, the words in question would have had the proscribed effect. In RVs Nkatlo the appellant had been convicted for charges related to comments he made at an African National Congress (ANC) meeting and which were considered to be promoting racial hostility. The words attributed to him were that the only hope we have to change affairs is by a revolution and a revolution means bloodshed The court observed that in applying the test that a person is to be presumed to intend the natural and probable consequences of his acts, the courts must be astute to see that the inference of intention to promote feelings of hostility is the only inference which can be reasonably drawn. If the language used is reasonably capable of another explanation, the inference of intent cannot be drawn India S. Rangarajan v P.J. Ram (1989)(2)(SRC) p Indian jurisprudence establishes a very close link between an expression and threat of disturbance is necessary. The Supreme Court observed in the case of S. Rangarajan v P.J. Ram (1989)(2)(SRC) p stated Our commitment to freedom of expression demands than it cannot be suppressed unless the situations created by allowing the freedom are pressing and the community interest is endangered. The anticipated danger should not be remote, conjectural or farfetched. It should have proximate and direct nexus with the

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Enforcing the law on Hate Speech Page 37 expression. The expression should be inseparably locked up with the action contemplated, like the equivalent of a spark in a powder keg
5. The European Court of Human Rights The criteria used by the European Court of Human Rights places the following limitations to freedom of expression Limitations prescribed bylaw specific to hate speech, for example, for the preservation of law and order. There must be a legitimate aim of the limitation, for example, the public order. The limitation must be necessary in a democratic society, for example, to protect social needs. The Court is stricter with politicians and insists on their special responsibility in not using language that contributes to fuelling intolerance
Trainer’s input These pronouncements by the different court all appreciate the importance of preserving the freedom of expression. They are all unanimous in observing that when the greater good of the society of threatened by utterances that constitute hate speech, that freedom must be restricted.

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Enforcing the law on Hate Speech Page 38 Section C The Constitutional and legal Framework for addressing hate speech in Kenya a) The constitutional Framework In Kenya , hate speech is specifically addressed by different instruments. Article 27 (1) of the Constitution of Kenya guarantees the right to equal protection of the law and states that
“ Every person is equal before the law and has aright to equal protection and equal benefit of the law If any group of persons is under threat as a result of inflammatory statements that constitute hate speech, they are entitled to protection by the law. Article 27 (2) states that
“ equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all rights and fundamental freedoms If hate speech is targeted at a group or section of the population, the consequences such as violence or harm committed against the group as a result of hate speech infringe on the rights of that particular group. The affected group therefore cannot enjoy full and equal enjoyment as guaranteed by this provision. Under Article 27( 4) provides that

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Enforcing the law on Hate Speech Page 39
“ The state shall not discriminate directly or indirectly against any person on any ground, including race…ethnic and social origin, colour, religion, conscience, belief, culture or birth”
A responsibility is placed on the state not to discriminate against any part of the population. The Commission has undertaken several initiatives to address discrimination, for example, to ensure no discrimination in public jobs opportunities. This provision also protects the citizens from possible hate speech by agents of the state. Article 27(5) provides that
“ A person shall not discriminate directly or indirectly against another person on any of the grounds specified or contemplated in clause (This provision protects everyone from discrimination by individuals on similar grounds as those envisaged by article 27(4) above. Article 33 (1) of the Constitution provides that
“ Every person has the right to freedom of expression which includes a)

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