II. usually requires the lessee to insure the asset.
III. is generally cancelable without penalty if the lessee provides 30 days advance notice.
IV. is referred to as a capital lease by accountants.
I. the lessee will benefit from an immediate cash inflow.
II. both the lessor and the lessee may benefit if the lessor can benefit more from the tax benefits of ownership than can the lessee.
III. the lease automatically becomes a nonrecourse lease.
IV. the lessee forfeits the right to repurchase the asset at a later date.
A.
I and III only
B.
II and IV only
C.
I and II only
D.
II and III only
E.
III and IV only
20.
An operating lease:
A.
is recorded at its net present value on the balance sheet.
B.
is recorded on the balance sheet as both an asset and a liability.
C.
is recorded at its estimated residual balance on the balance sheet.
D.
is reflected in the footnotes rather than on the balance sheet.
E.
does not appear either on a financial statement or in the footnotes.
21.
Which one of the following will classify a lease as a capital lease for accounting purposes?
A.
The lease transfers ownership of the asset to the lessee by the end of the lease.
B.
The lease term is 75 percent or less of the estimated economic life of the asset.
C.
The lessee can buy the asset at fair market value at the end of the lease.
D.
The initial present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds 80 percent of the fair market value of the asset.
E.
The total of the lease payments exceeds $100,000.
22.
A capital lease is recorded as an asset on the balance sheet in an amount equal to:
A.
the dollar amount of each lease payment multiplied by the total number of lease payments in the original agreement.
B.
the dollar amount of each lease payment multiplied by the number of lease payments remaining.
C.
the dollar amount of each lease payment multiplied by the number of lease payments per year.
D.
the lesser of the present value of the remaining lease payments or the cost of the asset.
E.
the future value of the lease agreement at the time the agreement was made.
23.
Which one of the following correctly states one of the conditions established by the IRS for a lease to be considered valid for tax purposes?
A.
The lease should have high payments at the beginning of the lease period and low payments at the end of the lease period.
B.
Any renewal option should be based on a value which is less than the fair market value of the asset at the time of renewal.
C.
The term of the lease must be less than 80 percent of the economic life of the asset.
D.
The lessee should have the option to purchase the asset at a discounted price at the end of the lease term.
E.
The lessor must have a reasonable expectation of earning an aftertax profit.
24.
The IRS will disallow any lease that:
A.
has a lease term in excess of three years.
B.
has a term that is less than one-half of the economic life of the asset.
C.
involves a lessee that has net operating losses.
D.
appears to exist solely to defer taxes.
E.
reduces the combined tax obligations of the lessor and the lessee.
25.
The incremental cash flows of leasing consider which of the following?
The relevant discount rate for evaluating a lease is the firm's:
A.
cost of equity financing.
B.
pre-tax cost of borrowing.
C.
aftertax cost of borrowing.
D.
cost of working capital.
E.
rate of return on short-term assets.
27.
Which one of the following statements is correct concerning taxes and leasing?
A.
Tax-deferral is a legitimate reason for leasing.
B.
The lessee should be the party with the higher tax bracket.
C.
Generally speaking, lessors tend to benefit from leases while lessees do not.
D.
If a firm has significant net operating losses, it should be the lessor in a lease.
E.
You should only lease an asset if the lease will be fully amortized.
28.
The most cited reason why firms enter into lease agreements is to:
A.
lower taxes.
B.
improve cash flows.
C.
reduce uncertainty.
D.
avoid balance sheet reporting.
E.
bypass restrictive loan covenants.
29.
Which one of the following is most likely the primary reason why a lessee opts to lease an asset on a short-term basis rather than buy that asset?
A.
keep the asset off the balance sheet
B.
tax avoidance
C.
lower total cost
D.
increased collateral
E.
nonrecourse protection
30.
Fred's Garage is trying to decide whether to lease or buy some new equipment. The equipment costs $48,000 and has a 6-year life. The equipment will be worthless after the 6 years and will have to be replaced. The company has a tax rate of 34 percent, a cost of borrowed funds of 7.5 percent, and uses straight-line depreciation. The equipment can be leased for $10,600 a year. What is the amount of the aftertax lease payment?
A.
$3,286.00
B.
$6,996.00
C.
$7,862.55
D.
$8,406.16
E.
$10,928.60
31.
Jamestown Supply is trying to decide whether to lease or buy some new equipment. The equipment costs $72,000, has a 4-year life, and will be worthless after the 4 years. The equipment will be replaced. The cost of borrowed funds is 9 percent and the tax rate is 34 percent. The equipment can be leased for $23,800 a year. What is the amount of the aftertax lease payment?
A.
$13,897
B.
$14,250
C.
$14,667
D.
$15,708
E.
$15,820
32.
Northern Lights is trying to decide whether to lease or buy some new equipment. The equipment costs $54,000, has a 5-year life, and will be worthless after the 5 years. The company has a tax rate of 34 percent, a cost of borrowed funds of 8.75 percent, and uses straight-line depreciation. The equipment can be leased for $14,100 a year. What is the amount of the annual depreciation tax shield?
A.
$3,672
B.
$5,878
C.
$6,936
D.
$8,407
E.
$10,200
33.
The Blue Goose is trying to decide whether to lease or buy some new refrigeration equipment for the restaurant. The equipment costs $63,000, has a 7-year life and will be worthless after the 7 years. The cost of borrowed funds is 8.4 percent and the tax rate is 32 percent. The equipment can be leased for $9,800 a year. What is the amount of the annual depreciation tax shield if the firm uses straight-line depreciation?
A.
$2,880
B.
$4,300
C.
$7,500
D.
$8,333
E.
$9,000
34.
Val's Pizzeria is contemplating the acquisition of some new commercial ovens. The purchase price is $39,000. The equipment will be depreciated based on MACRS depreciation which allows for 33.33 percent, 44.44 percent, 14.82 percent, and 7.41 percent depreciation over years 1 to 4, respectively. The equipment will be worthless at the end of 4 years. The equipment can be leased for $12,500 a year. The firm can borrow money at 8 percent and has a 35 percent tax rate. What is the amount of the depreciation tax shield in year 3?
A.
$1,525.27
B.
$1,624.50
C.
$2,022.93
D.
$2,325.00
E.
$2,631.60
35.
Jane's Floor Care is contemplating the acquisition of some new equipment for refinishing wood floors. The purchase price is $74,000. The firm uses MACRS depreciation which allows for 33.33 percent, 44.44 percent, 14.82 percent, and 7.41 percent depreciation over years 1 to 4, respectively. The equipment can be leased for $24,600 a year. The firm can borrow money at 9.5 percent and has a 34 percent tax rate. What is the amount of the depreciation tax shield in year 4?
A.
$1,758.09
B.
$1,864.36
C.
$1,940.80
D.
$2,011.67
E.
$2,221.08
36.
Steven's Auto Detailers is trying to decide whether to lease or buy some new equipment for polishing vehicles. The equipment costs $22,000, has a 3-year life, and will be worthless after the 3 years. The aftertax discount rate is 6.2 percent. The annual depreciation tax shield is $1,760 and the aftertax annual lease payment is $6,800. What is the net advantage to leasing?
A.
-$796.58
B.
-$397.11
C.
$184.92
D.
$315.40
E.
$462.84
37.
Precision Tool is trying to decide whether to lease or buy some new equipment for its tool and die operations. The equipment costs $1.2 million has a 7-year life, and will be worthless after the 7 years. The pre-tax cost of borrowed funds is 8 percent and the tax rate is 32 percent. The equipment can be leased for $242,500 a year. What is the net advantage to leasing?
A.
-$51,566
B.
-$34,211
C.
$37,549
D.
$56,828
E.
$79,664
38.
Deep Mining, Inc., is contemplating the acquisition of some new equipment for controlling coal dust that costs $174,000. The firm uses MACRS depreciation which allows for 33.33 percent, 44.44 percent, 14.82 percent, and 7.41 percent depreciation over years 1 to 4, respectively. After that time, the equipment will be worthless. The equipment can be leased for $53,100 a year for 4 years. The firm can borrow money at 11.5 percent and has a 36 percent tax rate. What is the net advantage to leasing?
A.
$5,225
B.
$5,607
C.
$6,611
D.
$6,847
E.
$6,950
39.
National Event Coordinators is contemplating the acquisition of a new tent that will be used for major outdoor events. The purchase price is $147,000. The firm uses MACRS depreciation which allows for 33.33 percent, 44.44 percent, 14.82 percent, and 7.41 percent depreciation over years 1 to 4, respectively. The tent will be worthless after four years. The tent can be leased for four years at $42,500 a year. The firm can borrow money at 7.5 percent and has a 34 percent tax rate. What is the net advantage to leasing?
A.
$1,789
B.
$1,862
C.
$1,922
D.
$2,087
E.
$2,127
40.
Baxter Contractors is evaluating the lease versus the purchase of a $329,000 machine. The machine will be depreciated using MACRS over a 4-year period, after which the machine will be worthless. MACRS allows for 33.33 percent, 44.44 percent, 14.82 percent, and 7.41 percent depreciation over years 1 to 4, respectively. The machine could be leased for $105,000 a year for 4 years. The firm can borrow money at 9.5 percent and has a 35 percent tax rate. The firm does not expect to pay any taxes for the next 5 years. What is the net advantage to leasing?
A.
-$4,587
B.
-$7,471
C.
-$18,640
D.
-$21,651
E.
-$30,277
41.
Frozen Foods Delivery is considering the purchase of a delivery truck costing $49,000. The truck can be leased for 3 years at $19,500 per year or it can be purchased at an interest rate of 7.5 percent. The estimated life of the truck is 3 years. The corporate tax rate is 34 percent. The company does not expect to owe any taxes for the next several years due to accumulated net operating losses. The firm uses straight-line depreciation. What is the net advantage to leasing?
A.
-$1,710
B.
-$866
C.
$304
D.
$1,006
E.
$1,394
42.
Cayman Productions is considering either leasing or buying some new underwater photographic equipment. The lessor will charge $26,900 a year for a 2-year lease. The purchase price is $48,600. The equipment has a 2-year life after which time it will be worthless. Cayman uses straight-line depreciation, borrows money at 8 percent, and has sufficient tax loss carryovers to offset any taxes which otherwise might be owed for the next 4 years. What is the net advantage to leasing?
A.
-$1,315
B.
-$1,298
C.
$630
D.
$1,343
E.
$1,457
43.
Green Valley Farms is considering either leasing or buying some new farm equipment. The lessor will charge $27,500 a year for a 5-year lease. The purchase price is $136,000. The equipment has a 5-year life after which time it will be worthless. Green Valley Farms uses straight-line depreciation, has a 32 percent tax rate, borrows money at 10 percent, and has sufficient tax loss carryovers to offset any potential taxable income the firm might have over the next five years. What is the net advantage to leasing?
A.
$20,574
B.
$21,507
C.
$22,638
D.
$26,283
E.
$31,753
44.
Cool Treats is considering either leasing or buying a new freezer unit. The lessor will charge $11,900 a year for a 2-year lease. The purchase price is $32,000. The freezer has a 2-year life after which time it is expected to have a resale value of $9,000. Cool Treats uses straight-line depreciation, borrows money at 8 percent, and has sufficient tax loss carryovers to offset any potential taxable income the firm might have over the next 5 years. What is the net advantage to leasing?
A.
$2,167
B.
$2,384
C.
$2,573
D.
$2,710
E.
$3,063
45.
Williams' Paints is weighing a lease versus a purchase of some new machinery. The purchase price is $312,000. The equipment will be depreciated to zero over the 4-year life of the project after which time it is expected to have a resale value of $76,000. The firm uses straight-line depreciation and can borrow money at 8 percent. The equipment can be leased for $66,000 a year for 4 years. Williams' Paints does not expect to owe any taxes for the next 4 years because of its net operating losses. What is the net advantage to leasing?
A.
$9,846
B.
$11,900
C.
$24,924
D.
$28,207
E.
$37,537
46.
Bob's Pizza is considering either leasing or buying a new oven. The lease payments would be $10,200 a year for 3 years. The purchase price is $29,000. The equipment has a 3-year life and then is expected to have a resale value of $3,100. Bob's Pizza uses straight-line depreciation, borrows money at 10 percent, and has a 32 percent tax rate. What is the net advantage to leasing?
A.
$809
B.
$833
C.
$848
D.
$853
E.
$898
47.
Charleston Marina is considering either leasing or buying some new equipment it needs for repairing boats. The lease payments would be $7,200 a year for 3 years. The purchase price is $20,800. The equipment has a 3-year life and then is expected to have a resale value of $4,700. The firm uses straight-line depreciation, borrows money at 8.5 percent, and has a 34 percent tax rate. What is the net advantage to leasing?
A.
-$1,507
B.
-$1,222
C.
-$975
D.
$408
E.
$611
48.
Fargo North is considering the purchase of some new equipment costing $118,000. This equipment has a 5-year life after which it will be worthless. The firm uses straight-line depreciation and borrows funds at 9 percent interest. The company's tax rate is 33 percent. The firm also has the option of leasing the equipment. What is the amount of the break-even lease payment?
A.
$30,220
B.
$31,467
C.
$31,775
D.
$33,719
E.
$34,897
49.
A firm borrows money at 8.75 percent, uses straight-line depreciation, and has a 37 percent tax rate. The firm's break-even aftertax annual lease payment on a machine is $16,511. How much will the firm have to pay annually to the lessor to lease this machine?
A.
$16,511
B.
$19,408
C.
$22,620
D.
$23,919
E.
$26,208
50.
Fireplaces and More is considering the purchase of a delivery truck costing $27,000. The truck will be used for 5 years and then it will be worthless. The financing rate for the purchase is 7.5 percent and the corporate tax rate is 32 percent. The firm uses straight-line depreciation. What is the break-even lease payment amount?
A.
$6,655
B.
$7,148
C.
$7,546
D.
$8,038
E.
$8,254
51.
Your firm is considering either leasing or buying some new equipment. The lessor will charge $13,800 a year for 4 years should you decide to lease. The purchase price is $47,800. The equipment has a 4-year life after which it is expected to have a resale value of $8,400. Your firm uses straight-line depreciation, borrows money at 10 percent, and has a 33 percent tax rate. What is the aftertax salvage value of the equipment?
A.
$5,544
B.
$5,628
C.
$5,709
D.
$5,748
E.
$5,820
52.
J&K Enterprises is considering either leasing or buying some new equipment. The lease payments would be $3,800 a year. The purchase price is $19,900. The equipment has a 6-year life after which it is expected to have a resale value of $2,100. Your firm uses straight-line depreciation, borrows money at 11.5 percent, and has a 33 percent tax rate. What is the aftertax salvage value of the equipment?
A.
$1,407
B.
$1,428
C.
$1,471
D.
$1,476
E.
$1,512
53.
Cross Town Express is contemplating the acquisition of some new equipment. The purchase price is $74,000. The equipment would be depreciated using MACRS depreciation which allows for 33.33 percent, 44.44 percent, 14.82 percent, and 7.41 percent depreciation over years 1 to 4, respectively. The equipment would be worthless after that time. The equipment can be leased for $19,100 a year for 4 years. The firm can borrow money at 9.5 percent and has a 28 percent tax rate. What is the incremental annual cash flow for year 3 if the company decides to lease the equipment rather than purchase it?
A.
-$16,823
B.
-$15,797
C.
$14,312
D.
$15,797
E.
$16,823
54.
Interstate Services needs some equipment costing $61,000. The equipment has a 4-year life after which it will be worthless. The firm uses MACRS depreciation which allows for 33.33 percent, 44.44 percent, 14.82 percent, and 7.41 percent depreciation over years 1 to 4, respectively. The equipment can be leased for $16,000 a year. The firm can borrow money at 7.5 percent and has a 36 percent tax rate. What is the incremental annual cash flow for year 2 if the company decides to lease the equipment rather than purchase it?
A.
-$18,897
B.
-$19,286
C.
-$19,389
D.
-$19,407
E.
-$19,999
55.
Morrison Industrial Tool can either lease or buy some equipment. The lease payments would be $12,400 a year. The purchase price is $34,900. The equipment has a 3-year life after which it is expected to have a resale value of $5,500. The firm uses straight-line depreciation over the asset's life, borrows money at 8 percent, and has a 34 percent tax rate. What is the incremental cash flow for year 1 if the company decides to lease the equipment rather than purchase it?
A.
-$22,405
B.
-$16,805
C.
-$12,139
D.
-$8,184
E.
-$4,905
56.
A firm can either lease or buy some new equipment. The lease payments would be $18,500 a year for 4 years. The purchase price is $72,900. The equipment has a 4-year life after which it is expected to have a resale value of $3,600. The firm uses straight-line depreciation over the life of the asset, borrows money at 11 percent, and has a 35 percent tax rate. The company does not expect to owe any taxes for at least 4 years because it has accumulated net operating losses. What is the incremental cash flow for year 3 if the company decides to lease rather than purchase the equipment?
A.
-$29,165
B.
-$21,821
C.
-$18,500
D.
-$18,559
E.
-$17,635
57.
Daily Enterprises is contemplating the acquisition of some new equipment. The purchase price is $46,000. The company expects to sell the equipment at the end of year 4 for $2,500. The firm uses MACRS depreciation which allows for 33.33 percent, 44.44 percent, 14.82 percent, and 7.41 percent depreciation over years 1 to 4, respectively. The equipment can be leased for $12,300 a year for 4 years. The firm can borrow money at 7.5 percent and has a 35 percent tax rate. What is the incremental annual cash flow for year 4 if the company decides to lease the equipment rather than purchase it?
A.
-$14,434
B.
-$12,734
C.
-$10,813
D.
-$9,434
E.
-$8,766
58.
Frank's Auto Repair can purchase a new machine for $136,000. The machine has a 4-year life and can be sold at the end of year 4 for $12,000. Frank's uses MACRS depreciation which allows for 33.33 percent, 44.44 percent, 14.82 percent, and 7.41 percent depreciation over years 1 to 4, respectively. The equipment can be leased for $35,900 a year. The firm can borrow money at 7.5 percent and has a 32 percent tax rate. The company does not expect to owe any taxes for at least the next 4 years due to net operating losses. What is the incremental annual cash flow for year 4 if the company decides to lease rather than purchase the equipment?
A.
-$47,900
B.
-$35,900
C.
-$20,900
D.
$15,900
E.
$35,900
59.
You work for a nuclear research laboratory that is contemplating leasing a diagnostic scanner (leasing is a very common practice with expensive, high-tech equipment). The scanner costs $3.5 million and it would be depreciated straight-line to zero over 4 years. Because of radiation contamination, it will actually be completely valueless in 4 years. You can lease it for $875,000 per year for 4 years. Assume the tax rate is 33 percent. You can borrow at 10 percent before taxes. What is the net advantage to leasing from your company's standpoint?
A.
$468,216
B.
$491,319
C.
$516,007
D.
$530,468
E.
$541,747
60.
You work for a nuclear research laboratory that is contemplating leasing a diagnostic scanner (leasing is a very common practice with expensive, high-tech equipment). The scanner costs $2 million and it would be depreciated straight-line to zero over 4 years. Because of radiation contamination, it will actually be completely valueless in 4 years. You can lease it for $475,000 per year for 4 years. Assume the tax rate is 34 percent. You can borrow at 10 percent before taxes. What is the net advantage to leasing from the lessor's viewpoint?
A.
-$376,439
B.
-$290,988
C.
-$248,464
D.
$26,228
E.
$103,511
61.
You work for a nuclear research laboratory that is contemplating leasing a diagnostic scanner (leasing is a very common practice with expensive, high-tech equipment). The scanner costs $2 million and it would be depreciated straight-line to zero over 4 years. Because of radiation contamination, it will actually be completely valueless in 4 years. Assume the tax rate is 33 percent. You can borrow at 6 percent before taxes. How much would the lease payment have to be in order for both the lessor and the lessee to be indifferent about the lease?
A.
$500,000
B.
$521,909
C.
$552,200
D.
$563,333
E.
$576,477
62.
You work for a nuclear research laboratory that is contemplating leasing a diagnostic scanner (leasing is a very common practice with expensive, high-tech equipment). The scanner costs $2.2 million and it would be depreciated straight-line to zero over 4 years. Because of radiation contamination, it will actually be completely valueless in 4 years. You can lease it for $600,000 per year for 4 years. Assume your company does not contemplate paying taxes for the next several years. You can borrow at 6 percent before taxes. What is the net advantage to leasing from your company's standpoint?
A.
$82,711
B.
$120,937
C.
$121,409
D.
$122,818
E.
$128,315
63.
You work for a nuclear research laboratory that is contemplating leasing a diagnostic scanner (leasing is a very common practice with expensive, high-tech equipment). The scanner costs $3 million and it would be depreciated straight-line to zero over 4 years. Because of radiation contamination, it will actually be completely valueless in 4 years. You can lease it for $750,000 per year for 4 years. Assume the tax rate is 31 percent. You can borrow at 8 percent before taxes. Your company does not expect to pay taxes for the next several years, but the leasing company will pay taxes. What range of lease payments will allow the lease to be profitable for both parties?
A.
$904,026 to $905,123
B.
$904,026 to $905,481
C.
$904,026 to $905,762
D.
$905,123 to $906,417
E.
$905,123 to $906,825
64.
The Wildcat Oil Company is trying to decide whether to lease or buy a new computer-assisted drilling system for its oil exploration business. Management has decided that it must use the system to stay competitive; it will provide $850,000 in annual pretax cost savings. The system costs $8 million and will be depreciated straight-line to zero over 5 years. Wildcat's tax rate is 34 percent, and the firm can borrow at 8 percent. Lambert Leasing Company has offered to lease the drilling equipment to Wildcat for payments of $2,040,000 per year. Lambert's policy is to require its lessees to make payments at the start of the year. What is the maximum lease payment that would be acceptable to the company?
A.
$1,893,231
B.
$1,896,996
C.
$1,904,506
D.
$1,906,318
E.
$1,911,472
65.
The Wildcat Oil Company is trying to decide whether to lease or buy a new computer-assisted drilling system for its oil exploration business. Management has decided that it must use the system to stay competitive; it will provide $550,000 in annual pretax cost savings. The system costs $3 million and will be depreciated straight-line to zero over 4 years. It is estimated that the equipment will have an aftertax residual value of $500,000 at then end of the lease. Wildcat's tax rate is 31 percent, and the firm can borrow at 10 percent. Lambert Leasing Company has offered to lease the drilling equipment to Wildcat for payments of $940,000 per year. Lambert's policy is to require its lessees to make payments at the start of the year. What is the maximum lease payment that would be acceptable to the company?
A.
$729,932
B.
$734,515
C.
$748,200
D.
$751,646
E.
$762,937
66.
The Wildcat Oil Company is trying to decide whether to lease or buy a new computer-assisted drilling system for its oil exploration business. Management has decided that it must use the system to stay competitive; it will provide $1.2 million in annual pretax cost savings. The system costs $6.7 million and will be depreciated straight-line to zero over 4 years. Wildcat's tax rate is 35 percent, and the firm can borrow at 11 percent. Lambert Leasing Company has offered to lease the drilling equipment to Wildcat for payments of $1,700,000 per year. Lambert's policy is to require its lessees to make payments at the start of the year. Lambert requires Wildcat to pay a $270,000 security deposit at the inception of the lease. What is the NAL of leasing the equipment?
A.
$541,287
B.
$658,844
C.
$660,318
D.
$661,828
E.
$664,719
67.
An asset costs $420,000 and will be depreciated in a straight-line manner over its 3-year life. It will have no salvage value. The corporate tax rate is 32 percent, and the cost of borrowing is 8 percent. What lease payment amount will make the lessee and the lessor equally well off?
A.
$145,717.08
B.
$154,141.11
C.
$157,778.03
D.
$162,795.34
E.
$165,025.50
68.
Automobiles are often leased, and several terms are unique to auto leases. Suppose you are considering leasing a car. The price you and the dealer agree on for the car is $32,000. This is the base capitalized cost. Other costs added to the capitalized cost price include the acquisition (bank) fee, insurance, or extended warranty. Assume these costs are $390. Capitalization cost reductions include any down payment, credit of trade-in, or dealer rebate. Assume you make a down payment of $2,600, and there is no trade-in or rebate. If you drive 11,000 miles per year, the lease-end residual value for this car will be $18,700 after three years. The lease factor, which is the interest rate on the loan, is the APR of the loan divided by 2,400. (We're not really sure where the 2,400 comes from, either.) The lease factor the dealer quotes you is 0.00208. The monthly lease payment consists of three parts; a depreciation fee, a finance fee, and sales tax. The depreciation fee is the net capitalization cost minus the residual value, divided by the term of the lease. The net capitalization cost is the cost of the car minus any cost reductions plus any additional costs. The finance fee is the net capitalization cost plus the residual, times the money factor, and the monthly sales tax is simply the monthly lease payments times the tax rate. What is your monthly lease payment for a 36-month lease if the sales tax is 7 percent?
