No. Registros Solicitud 1 5614 colombia

DE - DESCRIPTORS: aftershocks-; Benioff-zone; deep-focus-earthquakes; earthquakes-; Fiji-; Fiji-earthquake-1932; focal-mechanism; focus-; foreshocks-; Melanesia-; Oceania-; plate-tectonics; seismic-sources; seismicity-; seismograms-; spectral-analysis; subduction-zones; Tonga-Fiji-subduction-zone

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 19-Seismology

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Serial

BL - BIB LEVEL: Analytic

MC - MAP COORDINATES: LAT: S253000; S243000; LONG: E1783000; E1780000.

IL - ILLUSTRATION: Refs: 36; illus. incl. block diags., 3 tables, sketch maps.

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2002, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data from CAPCAS, Elsevier Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands

IS - ISSN: 0040-1951

CO - CODEN: TCTOAM

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997-070407

UD - UPDATE CODE: 199723

Registro 5527 de 5614 - GeoRef 1997-2001

TI - TITLE: Exploration application of RADARSAT in the tropics.

AU - AUTHORS: Berger-Zeev; Cartwright-Rebecca

AF - AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Image Interpretation Technologies, Calgary, AB, Canada

BK - BOOK TITLE: In: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention.

BA - BOOK AUTHORS: Anonymous

SO - SOURCE: Annual Meeting Abstracts - American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. 6; Pages 10. 1997.

PB - PUBLISHER: American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. Tulsa, OK, United States. 1997.

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: United-States

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

CN - CONFERENCE INFORMATION: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention. Dallas, TX, United States. April 6-9, 1997.

LA - LANGUAGE: English

AB - ABSTRACT: RADARSAT was launched in October 1995 by Canada with sponsorship from NASA for five years mission. RADARSAT carries only one C-band SAR, but it is capable of several imaging modes with varying resolutions, swath widths and angle of incidence. Early evaluation of RADARSAT data for geological mapping shows that this sensor has exceeded all expectations. The RADARSAT image products, in all modes, provide significant geological information and appear to overcome the series limitation associated with shadowing (airborne systems) and layover effects (ERS-1 satellite systems). Some of the advantages of RADARSAT as compared to other available remote-sensing data include: (1) the availability of ascending and descending scenes which allow the interpretation of geological structures from opposing two look directions; (2) the availability of variable resolutions and incidence angles that can provide stereo capabilities as well as the ability to "zoom" on key geological structures. A series of examples supported by surface and subsurface controls are being used to illustrate the surface mapping capabilities of RADARSAT in the tropics and other heavy vegetative areas. The examples include mosaics and individual images from the Magdalena Basin of Colombia, the Canadian fold and thrust belt, Papua New Guinea, and the Coastal Plain of Eastern Canada.

DE - DESCRIPTORS: applications-; Australasia-; Canada-; Colombia-; Eastern-Canada; geophysical-surveys; imagery-; Magdalena-Basin; mapping-; Papua-New-Guinea; petroleum-; petroleum-exploration; RADARSAT-; remote-sensing; SAR-; satellite-methods; South-America; surveys-; tropical-environment

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 29A-Economic-geology,-geology-of-energy-sources; 20-Applied-geophysics

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Abstract; Serial; Conference-Document

BL - BIB LEVEL: Analytic

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2002, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data supplied by American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, United States

IS - ISSN: 0094-0038

CO - CODEN: APGAB2

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997-069983

UD - UPDATE CODE: 199723

Registro 5528 de 5614 - GeoRef 1997-2001

TI - TITLE: Primary compositional control on quartz cement and porosity in deeply-buried sandstones, Cusiana Field, Llanos foothills, Colombia.

AU - AUTHORS: Warren-Edward-A; Pulham-Andrew-J; Naar-Joaquin

AF - AUTHOR AFFILIATION: BP Exploration, London, United Kingdom

BK - BOOK TITLE: In: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention.

BA - BOOK AUTHORS: Anonymous

SO - SOURCE: Annual Meeting Abstracts - American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. 6; Pages 122-123. 1997.

PB - PUBLISHER: American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. Tulsa, OK, United States. 1997.

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: United-States

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

CN - CONFERENCE INFORMATION: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention. Dallas, TX, United States. April 6-9, 1997.

LA - LANGUAGE: English

AB - ABSTRACT: Porosity in deeply-buried (>14000') sandstones of the lower Tertiary Mirador formation in the Cusiana Field, Llanos foothills, Colombia, is less than 10 p.u. However, permeability is as much as 1000 mD; which is believed to be due to the simple quartzose detrital grain composition and large grain size. The low porosity has resulted from pervasive quartz cement (10-15% bv). Fluid inclusion microthermometry and intergranular grain volumes indicate that the quartz cement precipitated from hot fluids (c.100 degrees C) during deep burial. Underlying formations might be expected to have similar low porosity. Surprisingly, thick (>400') sandstones of the underlying late Cretaceous Guadalupe Group in the Cusiana Field have porosity as high as 20 p.u. These sandstones are lithic sandstones composed of quartz and a variety of phosphate grain types and are poorly cemented. Quartz cement in the form of micro-crystalline quartz is almost entirely absent. However, inter-bedded quartz arenites within the Guadalupe Group are heavily cemented by quartz cement and have similar porosity to the overlying Mirador formation. The major control on porosity in these sandstones appears to be the presence of quartz cement and that the quartz cement is controlled by grain composition. The reasons for the lack of quartz cement in the lithic sandstones of the Guadalupe Group are uncertain but phosphate poisoning inhibiting quartz cement growth is a possibility. The presence of high porosity "sweetspots" in deeply buried sandstones may be linked to the occurrence of phosphate beds--a primary depositional control.

DE - DESCRIPTORS: cement-; cementation-; Cenozoic-; clastic-rocks; Colombia-; controls-; Cusiana-Field; diagenesis-; Eocene-; fluid-inclusions; framework-silicates; geologic-thermometry; Guadalupe-Group; inclusions-; Llanos-; lower-Tertiary; Mirador-Formation; oil-and-gas-fields; Paleogene-; permeability-; petroleum-; phosphates-; porosity-; precipitation-; quartz-; sandstone-; sedimentary-rocks; silica-minerals; silicates-; South-America; temperature-; Tertiary-

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 29A-Economic-geology,-geology-of-energy-sources; 06A-Sedimentary-petrology

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Abstract; Serial; Conference-Document

BL - BIB LEVEL: Analytic

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2002, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data supplied by American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, United States

IS - ISSN: 0094-0038

CO - CODEN: APGAB2

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997-069909

UD - UPDATE CODE: 199723

Registro 5529 de 5614 - GeoRef 1997-2001

TI - TITLE: Sequence stratigraphy of continental strata in the lower Paleozoic El Tibet Formation, Macizo de Floresta, Colombia.

AU - AUTHORS: Tellez-G; Sotelo-C-I

AF - AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Corporacion Geologica ARES, Bogota, Colombia

BK - BOOK TITLE: In: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention.

BA - BOOK AUTHORS: Anonymous

SO - SOURCE: Annual Meeting Abstracts - American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. 6; Pages 115. 1997.

PB - PUBLISHER: American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. Tulsa, OK, United States. 1997.

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: United-States

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

CN - CONFERENCE INFORMATION: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention. Dallas, TX, United States. April 6-9, 1997.

LA - LANGUAGE: English

AB - ABSTRACT: The El Tibet Formation, exposed in the central Floresta Massif, is the oldest unit of the Paleozoic sedimentary succession in the area and was accumulated in a sandy braided river. Description and definition of the architectural elements allows to differentiate eight (8) lithofacies. The most typical facies are upward fining and thinning sequences ranging from medium- to coarse-grained sandstones, occasionally pebbly. Trough cross bedding, wavy lamination, ripple marks and horizontal lamination are present. These lithofacies were grouped into seven (7) Facies Associations (FA) which are the product of midchannel migration of subaqueous dunes and ripples during low water stage (FA 1 and 2); linguoid or transverse bar migration formed during high-water episodes (FA 3); accretion of transverse bars during flood stages (FA 4); deposition during flash floods and high flow conditions (FA 5); and vertical aggradation of fine-grained sediments in the flood plains (FA 6). FA 7 was accumulated in a shallow marine environment. The El Tibet Formation is composed of amalgamated channel deposits with minor associated fine-grained overbank material. These fining upward sequences are interpreted as a Lowstand Systems Tract overlying a sequence boundary unconformity. This Lowstand Systems Tract is composed of several higher order sequences, which systems tracts were recognized by the different degree of amalgamation and locally by the presence of marine sediments. The Alluvial transgressive Systems Tracts were deposited during periods of slow stratigraphic base-level rise and reduced accommodation space, while the Alluvial High Stand Systems Tracts were accumulated when the accommodation space was higher due to rapid stratigraphic base-level rise.

DE - DESCRIPTORS: accretion-; bedding-plane-irregularities; clastic-rocks; Colombia-; cross-bedding; El-Tibet-Formation; Floresta-Massif; fluvial-environment; laminations-; lithofacies-; lower-Paleozoic; Macizo-de-Floresta; marine-environment; Paleozoic-; planar-bedding-structures; ripple-marks; sandstone-; sea-level-changes; sedimentary-rocks; sedimentary-structures; sequence-stratigraphy; shallow-water-environment; South-America; thickness-; transgression-; unconformities-

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 12-Stratigraphy

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Abstract; Serial; Conference-Document

BL - BIB LEVEL: Analytic

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2002, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data supplied by American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, United States

IS - ISSN: 0094-0038

CO - CODEN: APGAB2

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997-069873

UD - UPDATE CODE: 199723

Registro 5530 de 5614 - GeoRef 1997-2001

TI - TITLE: Fluvial architecture and reservoir characterization of the upper Eocene La Paz Formation, Provincia Field, Middle Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia.

AU - AUTHORS: Suarez-Mario-A

AF - AUTHOR AFFILIATION: University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States

BK - BOOK TITLE: In: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention.

BA - BOOK AUTHORS: Anonymous

SO - SOURCE: Annual Meeting Abstracts - American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. 6; Pages 112. 1997.

PB - PUBLISHER: American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. Tulsa, OK, United States. 1997.

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: United-States

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

CN - CONFERENCE INFORMATION: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention. Dallas, TX, United States. April 6-9, 1997.

LA - LANGUAGE: English

AB - ABSTRACT: The Provincia Field, in the eastern foothills of the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia, produces oil and gas from the upper Eocene La Paz Formation, which has an average thickness of 800 ft. A facies analysis of this unit was conducted using 332 ft of core calibrated with well logs, core petrophysic data, and well log facies prediction from 6 wells. The facies associations recognized represent deposition in braided trunk channels fill, minor channels fill (distributary or crevasse channels), crevasse splays, floodplain and levee subenvironments. The crevasse channels and crevasse splays represent avulsion complex deposits that represent 48.2% of the facies associations in the La Paz Formation. This model illustrates that channel avulsion and preservation of thick avulsion sequences are not exclusively characteristic of meandering systems. The best reservoir fabric in the La Paz Formation (porosity 16.7%, permeability 409.2 md), corresponds to subarkoses deposited by braided trunk channels comprising 30% of the facies associations. The sandy facies in the avulsion complexes have poor reservoir quality (porosity 12.9%, permeability 29 md), acting as fluid retardants or vertical and horizontal plugs. Levees and floodplain deposits comprise 21.8% of the facies associations representing the main vertical barriers. Based on the depositional model, a 2-D reservoir zonation was made. Six flow units were recognized ranging from 40ft to 125 ft in thickness, separated by levees and floodplain deposits. Within the flow units interbedded avulsion complex deposits produce a high reservoir heterogeneity. Understanding all of the depositional elements in this type of fluvial system, helps to create a more realistic reservoir characterization that can be applied for reservoir simulation models.

DE - DESCRIPTORS: calibration-; Cenozoic-; characterization-; Colombia-; cores-; Eocene-; fabric-; fluvial-environment; heterogeneity-; La-Paz-Formation; levees-; lithofacies-; Middle-Magdalena-Basin; models-; natural-gas; oil-and-gas-fields; Paleogene-; permeability-; petroleum-; petroleum-engineering; porosity-; Provincia-Field; reservoir-properties; simulation-; South-America; Tertiary-; thickness-; two-dimensional-models; upper-Eocene; well-logs; wells-; zoning-

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 29A-Economic-geology,-geology-of-energy-sources; 12-Stratigraphy

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Abstract; Serial; Conference-Document

BL - BIB LEVEL: Analytic

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2002, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data supplied by American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, United States

IS - ISSN: 0094-0038

CO - CODEN: APGAB2

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997-069857

UD - UPDATE CODE: 199723

Registro 5531 de 5614 - GeoRef 1997-2001

TI - TITLE: Stratigraphy and petroleum potential of the La Paz Formation, Middle Magdalena Valley Basin (northern part), Colombia.

AU - AUTHORS: Suarez-Mario-A

AF - AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Empresa Colombiana de Petroleos, Bogota, Colombia

BK - BOOK TITLE: In: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention.

BA - BOOK AUTHORS: Anonymous

SO - SOURCE: Annual Meeting Abstracts - American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. 6; Pages 112. 1997.

PB - PUBLISHER: American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. Tulsa, OK, United States. 1997.

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: United-States

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

CN - CONFERENCE INFORMATION: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention. Dallas, TX, United States. April 6-9, 1997.

LA - LANGUAGE: English

AB - ABSTRACT: The post-middle Eocene to Pleistocene section of the northern Middle Magdalena Valley Basin is composed of seven tectonosequences (approx. 2nd order sequences), separated by regional unconformities. This framework was constructed from regional dip seismic profiles through the basin tied to well logs. These unconformities developed during the accretion of Western Cordillera, the eastern migration of the Caribbean Plate and collision of the Choco Block with the northwestern Colombian margin. The amount of uplift or tilting produced in the basin by this tectonic interaction controlled the distribution and extension of the sandy facies within each tectonosequence. The three lower tectonosequences were deposited in a foreland basin and the three upper in an intramontane basin. Of these tectonosequences, the oldest one (upper Eocene) contains the La Paz Formation, which is the most important reservoir and has the greatest future exploration potential in the northern part and eastern foothills of the basin. This unit is diachronous comprising most of the upper Eocene in the western sector and the lowermost upper Eocene in the eastern sector of the basin. In the western margin, it was deposited in alluvial fan systems, grading toward the East to fluvial systems. In most of the central part of the basin this unit was not deposited because of onlap onto the Sogamoso paleohigh. The results of this regional study suggest that the La Paz Formation could be involved in potential structural plays related to reverse faulting in the eastern foothills, where this unit could be reached at depths about 12,000 to 14,000 feet.

DE - DESCRIPTORS: accretion-; Andes-; Caribbean-Plate; Caribbean-region; Cenozoic-; Colombia-; Eocene-; faults-; geophysical-profiles; glacial-environment; La-Paz-Formation; lithofacies-; Middle-Magdalena-Basin; Neogene-; Oligocene-; Paleogene-; petroleum-; petroleum-exploration; plate-collision; plate-tectonics; Pleistocene-; Quaternary-; reservoir-rocks; reverse-faults; seismic-profiles; sequence-stratigraphy; South-America; structural-traps; Tertiary-; tilt-; traps-; unconformities-; uplifts-; upper-Eocene; well-logs; Western-Cordillera

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 29A-Economic-geology,-geology-of-energy-sources; 12-Stratigraphy

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Abstract; Serial; Conference-Document

BL - BIB LEVEL: Analytic

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2002, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data supplied by American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, United States

IS - ISSN: 0094-0038

CO - CODEN: APGAB2

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997-069856

UD - UPDATE CODE: 199723

Registro 5532 de 5614 - GeoRef 1997-2001

TI - TITLE: Definition of a new petroleum system based on oil chemistry, Llanos Basin, Colombia.

AU - AUTHORS: Ramon-Juan-Carlos; Dzou-Leon; Holba-Albert

AF - AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States

BK - BOOK TITLE: In: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention.

BA - BOOK AUTHORS: Anonymous

SO - SOURCE: Annual Meeting Abstracts - American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. 6; Pages 96. 1997.

PB - PUBLISHER: American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. Tulsa, OK, United States. 1997.

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: United-States

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

CN - CONFERENCE INFORMATION: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention. Dallas, TX, United States. April 6-9, 1997.

LA - LANGUAGE: English

AB - ABSTRACT: One of the most critical exploration parameters in the Llanos basin is timing of generation relative to trap formation, a parameter strongly dependent on the source rock age. Most previous work relates these oils to the prolific Upper Cretaceous formations outcroppings in the Eastern Cordillera. Recently, it have been shown that producing oils correlate with Tertiary source rocks. In the platform, most charged structures are considered Oligocene or older while in the thrust front are related to the Upper Miocene to recent Andean orogeny. We propose a significant input to the producing oils from Tertiary source horizons based on the detailed study of the chemical composition and concentration of age-indicator biomarkers in crude oils and oil seeps. Significant hydrocarbon-contribution from a Tertiary source is indicated by the presence of high concentrations of the "flowering plant"-markers oleanane, bicadinanes, and oleanoids, as well as by other age-indicator biomarkers. Llanos oils also contain marine, algal-derived "C (sub 30) steranes" (i.e., 24-n-propylcholestanes), which are diagnostic for oils generated from marine organic matter, suggesting Cretaceous source rocks. Heavy biodegradation has been particularly common among the first oils to fill reservoirs in central Llanos basin oil fields. Some of the older, altered heavy oils were mixed with a second pulse of oil explaining the wide range of oil gravities and the presence of n-alkanes in heavily biodegraded samples (as indicated by presence of demethylated terpanes) measured in the central Llanos Basin.

DE - DESCRIPTORS: aliphatic-hydrocarbons; alkanes-; Andes-; bicadinanes-; biodegradation-; biomarkers-; Cenozoic-; chemical-composition; Colombia-; Cretaceous-; Eastern-Cordillera; genesis-; geochemistry-; hydrocarbons-; Llanos-; Mesozoic-; n-alkanes; oleanane-; oleanoids-; organic-compounds; organic-materials; outcrops-; petroleum-; petroleum-exploration; reservoir-rocks; source-rocks; South-America; steranes-; terpanes-; Tertiary-; traps-; Upper-Cretaceous

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 29A-Economic-geology,-geology-of-energy-sources; 02C-Geochemistry-of-rocks,-soils,-and-sediments

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Abstract; Serial; Conference-Document

BL - BIB LEVEL: Analytic

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2002, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data supplied by American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, United States

IS - ISSN: 0094-0038

CO - CODEN: APGAB2

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 1997-069765

UD - UPDATE CODE: 199723

Registro 5533 de 5614 - GeoRef 1997-2001

TI - TITLE: High resolution sequence stratigraphy of continental strata, La Cira-Casabe fields, Colombia.

AU - AUTHORS: Ramon-Juan-C; Cross-Timothy-A

AF - AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States

BK - BOOK TITLE: In: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention.

BA - BOOK AUTHORS: Anonymous

SO - SOURCE: Annual Meeting Abstracts - American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. 6; Pages 96. 1997.

PB - PUBLISHER: American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. Tulsa, OK, United States. 1997.

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: United-States

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 1997

CN - CONFERENCE INFORMATION: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1997 annual convention. Dallas, TX, United States. April 6-9, 1997.

LA - LANGUAGE: English

AB - ABSTRACT: Lower Tertiary section in the Middle Magdalena Basin is usually divided into 4 lithostratigraphic units. We present an alternative division of these strata into 15 intermediate-scale, 70 to 250-m-thick, chronostratigraphic units interpreted from the interpretation of core, outcrop sections (including scintillometer profiles), 40 well logs and multiple seismic reflection profiles. These units were defined by stacking patterns and facies successions of small-scale chronostratigraphic units, and each contains multiple facies tracts comprising different facies assemblages and facies successions. The 15 units were grouped into 8 larger scale chronostratigraphic units which were comparable to seismic stratigraphic units resolved on seismic reflection profiles. Several regular, recurring motifs of facies successions were recognized in core and outcrop from all facies tracts: channel-splay-lake; splay-wet floodplain-lake-aggradational soil; lake-splay-crevasse channel; channel-lake-soil; channel-splay-lake-soil. These facies succession motifs define symmetric and asymmetric stratigraphic cycles which record stratigraphic base-level cycles. A base-level cycle is a time of unidirectional increase and then decrease of the accommodation/sediment supply (A/S) ratio. These unidirectional trends of increasing and decreasing A/S are recorded by: large-scale stratigraphic geometries; stratigraphic architecture; facies associations, successions and diversity; cycle symmetry; degree of preservation of original geomorphic elements; and petrophysical properties. The turnaround points from base-level fall to base-level rise, and from rise to fall, are the basis for correlation across facies tracts of stratigraphic cycles of all scales. Stacking patterns, long-term changes in facies succession motifs, and thickness and symmetry changes of small-scale cycles are used to erect longer term stratigraphic cycles.