Objectives You will have mastered the material in this chapter when you can
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BTW Anti-aliasing Anti-aliasing is available for the Elliptical Marquee tool, the Lasso tool, the Polygonal Lasso tool, the Magnetic Lasso tool, and the Magic Wand tool. You must specify this option before using these tools. Once a selection is made, you cannot add anti-aliasing. [END BTW]
The following steps select the green bell pepper in the Peppers Edited image, using the Rectangular Marquee tool. 1 • Right-click the Rectangular Marquee Tool (M) button on the Tools panel to display its context menu (Figure 2-8). Figure 2-8 2 • Click Rectangular Marquee Tool to select it. If necessary, on the options bar, click the New selection button. • In the photo, use the mouse to draw a rectangle as close as possible around the green bell pepper to create a marquee selection (Figure 2-9).
[Q] What happens if I make a mistake while dragging the marquee? [END Q] [A] You can click somewhere else in the document window to deselect the marquee; then, simply draw a new marquee. [END A]
1. Press m key or shift+m until Rectangular Marquee tool is active, drag photo [END Other Ways]
You can delete a selection by pressing the delete key on the keyboard. If you delete by accident, press ctrl+z to bring the selection back. [END BTW]
If you make a mistake or change your mind when drawing a marquee, you can do one of three things. 1) If you want to start over, you can click somewhere else in the document window to deselect the marquee; then, simply draw a new marquee. 2) If you have already drawn the marquee, but wish to move or reposition it, you can drag the selection to the new location. 3) If you want to reposition while you are creating the marquee, do not release the mouse button. Press and hold the spacebar, drag the marquee to the new location, and then release the spacebar. At that point, you can continue dragging to finish drawing the marquee. [END BTW]
The Move tool on the Photoshop Tools panel is used to move or make other changes to selections. Activating the Move tool by clicking the Move Tool (V) button, or by pressing the v key on the keyboard, enables you to move the selection border and its contents, by dragging in the document window. When you first use the Move tool, the mouse pointer displays a black arrowhead with scissors. To move the selection in a straight line, press and hold the shift key before dragging. If you press and hold the alt key before dragging, you duplicate or move only a copy of the selected area, effectively copying and pasting the selection. While moving a copy, the mouse pointer changes to a black arrowhead with a white arrowhead behind it. When you move selections, you need to be careful about overlapping images. As you will learn in Chapter 3, Photoshop might layer or overlap portions of images when you move them. While that sometimes is preferred when creating collages or composite images, it is undesirable if an important object is obscured. Close tracing while creating selections, and careful placement of moved selections, will prevent unwanted layering.
Instead of dragging to move a selection, you can use the arrow keys on the keyboard to move in small increments. The process is called nudging. [ENG BTW]
The Move tool options bar displays tools to help define the scope of the move (Figure 2-10). Later, as you learn about layers, you will use the Auto-Select check box to select layer groupings or single layers, designated in the Group box. When selected, the Show Transform Controls check box causes Photoshop to display sizing handles on the selection border and adds a centered reference point to the selection. The align and distribute buttons help position selections when more than one layer is selected. The Auto-Align Layers button on the far right can align layers automatically, based on similar characteristics such as corners and edges. Figure 2-10 To Use the Move Tool The next steps in preparing the layout for the advertisement, involve rearranging the components of the original image. Using the Move tool, you will move the green bell pepper up and to the right. 1 • With the green bell pepper still selected, click the Move Tool (V) button on the Tools panel to select it. • If necessary, on the options bar, click the Auto-Select check box so it does not display a check mark. If necessary, click the Show Transform Controls check box so it does not display a check mark (Figure 2-11).
• Drag the selection to a position above the red bell pepper and near the top margin and approximately centered (Figure 2-12). Do not press any other keys. Figure 2-12 Other Ways 1. Press v key, drag selection [End Other Ways]
The Magic Wand tool lets you select a consistently colored area with a single click. To use the Magic Wand tool, you click the Magic Wand Tool (W) button on the Tools panel or press shift+w on the keyboard. When you use the Magic Wand tool and click in the image, Photoshop selects every pixel that contains the same or similar colors as the location you clicked. The default setting is to select contiguous pixels only; but Photoshop allows you to change that setting to select all pixels of the same color. The Magic Wand tool mouse pointer appears as a small line with a starburst, or magic wand, on the end. The Magic Wand Tool Options Bar The Magic Wand tool options bar (Figure 2-13) contains the same selection buttons as the marquee tools, including the ability to create a new selection, add to or subtract from a selection, and intersect selections. The Magic Wand tool options bar also has a Tolerance box that allows you to enter a value that determines the similarity or difference in the color of the selected pixels. A low value selects the few colors very similar to the pixel you click. A higher value selects a broader range of colors. As with the marquee tools, the Anti-alias check box smoothes the jagged edges of a selection by softening the color transition between edge pixels and background pixels. While anti-aliasing is useful when cutting, copying, and pasting selections to create composite images, it might leave behind a trace shadow when the selection is cut or moved. When checked, the Contiguous check box selects only adjacent areas using the same colors. Otherwise, all pixels in the entire image that use the same colors are selected. Finally, the Sample All Layers check box selects colors using data from all visible layers. Otherwise, the Magic Wand tool selects colors from the active layer only.
Besides using the options bar, the Magic Wand tool can be used with many shortcut keys. You shift+click to add to a Magic Wand tool selection. Holding down the alt key while clicking subtracts from the selection. Holding down the ctrl key with the Magic Wand tool activates the Move tool. To Subtract from a Selection Using the Magic Wand Tool The following steps use the Magic Wand tool to eliminate the white background, selecting only the green bell pepper. 1 • With the green bell pepper still selected, right-click the Quick Selection Tool (W) button on the Tools panel to display the context menu (Figure 2-14). Figure 2-14 2 • Click Magic Wand Tool to select it. • On the options bar, click the Subtract from selection button. Click the Anti-alias check box so it does not display a check mark. If necessary, click to display a check mark in the Contiguous check box. • Move the mouse pointer to a location within the selection marquee, positioned over a white area (Figure 2-15). [Q] What is the minus sign beside the mouse pointer? [END Q] [A] The minus sign appears whenever you choose to subtract from a selection. A plus sign would indicate an addition to the selection, and an x indicates an intersection. Photoshop displays these signs, so you do not have to glance up at the options bar to see which button is selected while you drag the selection. [END A] Figure 2-15 3 • Using the tip of the Magic Wand tool mouse pointer, click the white space inside the selection marquee to remove the white color from the selection. (Figure 2-16). Do not press any other keys. [Q] What if I make a mistake and click the wrong color? [END Q] [A] You can undo the latest edit by pressing ctrl+z. [END A] Figure 2-16 Other Ways 1. To select Magic Wand tool, press w or shift+w until Magic Wand tool is active 2. Select Magic Wand tool, alt-click photo 3. Select Magic Wand tool, right-click photo, click Subtract From Selection [END Other Ways]
Recall that pressing and holding the alt key while dragging with the Move tool creates a copy, or duplicates, the selection. The following step accesses the Move tool to create another copy of the selected green bell pepper. 1 • On the Tools panel, click the Move Tool (V) button. • Press and hold the alt key while dragging the selection to a location slightly down and left of the original as shown in Figure 2-17. The copy will overlap the original.
1. Press ctrl+c, press ctrl+v, press v, drag selection 2. Press v, alt+drag selection 3. Select Magic Wand tool, ctrl+drag selection [END Other Ways]
When you paste or drag a new copy of an image into a photo, you have two choices. You can keep the copy as an exact duplicate or you can transform the copy. The choice depends on the visual effect you want to achieve and the customer requirements. An exact copy might be use for duplication of a logo or a border; or, you might want to create a tiled background. In commercial applications, duplication might be used to represent growth; or, several copies might be placed beside each other in the same photo to emphasize a brand. Sometimes artists will duplicate an item several times when creating a quick sketch or a rough draft. Across photos, exact duplicates maintain consistency and product identification. Transforming a copy or section provides additional flexibility and diversity. You might want to create the illusion of multiple, different items to promote sales. Scaling, skewing, warping, and distorting provide interest and differentiation, and correct lens errors. Flipping, rotating, or changing the perspective of the copy avoids unexciting reproductions and creates the illusion of three dimensions. [END Plan Ahead]
In Photoshop, the word transform refers to making physical changes to a selection. To choose a transformation command, click the Edit menu, point to Transform, and then click the desired transformation. Alternatively, you can click Transform Selection on the shortcut menu that is displayed when you right-click a selection. When you choose a transformation or when you click the Show Transform Controls check box on the Move options bar, Photoshop displays a bounding box or border with six sizing handles around the selection (Figure 2-18). A small reference point or fixed pivot point is displayed in the center of the selection, as a small circle with a crosshair symbol. A reference point is the fixed point around which transformations are performed. Reference points can be moved by dragging.
If you click a sizing handle or the reference point of the bounding box, you enter transformation mode. The current tool’s options bar changes to the Transform options bar. Table 2-2 lists the types of transformations you can perform on a selection, the techniques used to perform the transformation, and the result of the transformation. Many of the commands are also on the shortcut menu when you right-click the bounding box. If you choose free transform, you must use the mouse techniques to perform the transformation.
The Transform Options Bar To display the Transform options bar, create a selection and then choose Free Transform on the Edit menu or press ctrl+t. Photoshop displays a Transform options bar that contain boxes and buttons to help you with your transformation (Figure 2-19). Figure 2-19 On the left side of the Transform options bar, Photoshop displays the Reference point location button. Each of the nine squares on the button corresponds to a point on the bounding box. Any transformations applied to the selection will be made in relation to the selected reference point. The middle square is selected by default. To select a different reference point, click a different square on the Reference point location button. The X and Y boxes allow you to enter a horizontal and vertical location for the selected reference point, thus altering the location of the selection in the document. The new location is based on the actual pixel measurements entered. When you click the Use relative positioning for reference point button, located between the X and Y boxes, the movement of the selection is relative to the current location of the selected reference point. The W and H boxes allow you to scale the width and height of the selection. When you click the Maintain aspect ratio button between the W and H boxes, the aspect ratio of the selection is maintained. To the right of the scale boxes is a Rotate box. Entering a positive number rotates, or turns the selection clockwise; a negative number rotates the selection counter-clockwise. The H and V boxes, to the right of the Rotate box, set the horizontal and vertical skews of the selection, measured in degrees. A positive number skews the selection to the right; a negative number skews to the left. A unique feature is the ability to drag labels to change the box values. For example, if you drag the H, Y, W, or other labels, the values in the text boxes change. The labels are called scrubby sliders, and are hidden until you position the mouse pointer over the label. Buttons in between some of the boxes are also scrubby sliders (Figure 2-19). When you point to any of the scrubby sliders on the Transform options bar, the mouse pointer changes to a hand with a double-headed arrow, indicating the ability to drag. Dragging to the right increases the value; dragging to the left decreases the value. Holding down the shift key, while dragging the scrubby slider, accelerates the change by a factor of 10. Many options bars also use scrubby sliders. On the far right of the Transform options bar are three special buttons. The first one switches between the Transform options bar and the Warp options bar. After you are finished making transformations, you commit changes or apply the transformations by pressing the enter key or by clicking the Commit transform (Return) button. If you change your mind and do not wish to make the transformation, press the esc key, or click the Cancel transform (Esc) button. After transforming a selection, you must either commit or cancel the transformation before Photoshop will let you perform any other action.
As described in Table 2-2, when you scale a selection, you resize it by changing its width, height, or both. The following steps use the Show Transform Controls check box to display the bounding box. Then, to enlarge the size of the pepper proportionally, the steps transform freely by shift+dragging a corner sizing handle. 1 • With the Move Tool (V) button still selected, click the Show Transform Controls check box on the options bar. • Point to the lower-left sizing handle of the selection border to display the mouse pointer as a two-headed arrow (Figure 2-20).
• shift+drag the lower-left sizing handle away from the center of the pepper until it is resized approximately 10% larger than the original (Figure 2-21). [Q] How can I estimate a 10% enlargement in size? [END Q] [A] The values in the W: and H: boxes on the options bar change as you scale the image. You can drag until they display approximately 110%. [END A] Figure 2-21 3 • Press the enter key to commit the change. Do not press any other keys. Other Ways 1. On Transform options bar, enter new width and height, press enter 2. Press ctrl+t, right-click selection, click Scale, drag selection handle [END Other Ways] BTW Resizing Photoshop allows you to apply some transformations to entire images or photos, rather than just selections. For example, you can change the size of the photo or rotate the image using the Image menu. You then can enter dimensions or rotation percentages on the submenu and subsequent dialog boxes. [END BTW]
Another way to add variety to a duplication of an image is to rotate or flip it. As described in Table 2-2, when you flip a selection, Photoshop creates a mirror image with a horizontal flip, or an upside down version of the selection with a vertical flip. Flipping is only available on the Edit menu and its Transform submenu. Flip transformations do not have to be committed. The following steps flip the selection horizontally.
• With the green bell pepper still selected, click Edit on the menu bar and then point to Transform to display the Transform submenu (Figure 2-22). Figure 2-22 2 • Click Flip Horizontal to flip the selection horizontally (Figure 2-23). [Q] What if I make a mistake and flip or rotate the wrong way? [END Q] [A] You can undo the latest edit by pressing ctrl+z. [END A] Figure 2-23 Other Ways 1. Right-click selection, click desired flip command [END Other Ways]
The following step creates another copy of the selected green bell pepper. 1 alt+ drag the selection to a location slightly down and left of the previous copy. The copy will overlap the previous copy. 2 shift+drag the lower left sizing handle of the selection to scale or enlarge the copy to approximately 110% of the previous copy (Figure 2-24). Figure 2-24 Warping When you warp, you turn or twist the selection out of shape. Photoshop displays a grid, or mesh of intersected lines, with extra sizing handles on the border. You can drag anywhere in the grid or drag any sizing handle to create a customized warp. Directory: access -> content content -> Epid799, spring 2015, Student posts in Sakai forum as of 3/18/2015 5pm content -> I. the case for change we are living in the middle of the largest increase in expressive capability in the history of the human race content -> JForum 6 Grading of Discussions content -> University of Virginia Department of Politics plir 4500: nato’s Strategic Challenges Fall 2016 Prof. Erwan Lagadec Class meets content -> Modern Social & Political Theory c. 1790-1920 Course description content -> Publications and communications content -> Paper 3304 This paper is subscription-led, so may not be available. Please discuss with your tutor content -> Guide to Electoral Reform Download 256.19 Kb. Share with your friends:
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