PART 1 TRANSFORMATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA, 1450-1700 5 PART 1 THEMATIC TIMELINE, 1450–1700 5 WORK, EXCHANGE, & TECHNOLOGY PEOPLING POLITICS & POWER IDEAS, BELIEFS, & CULTURE IDENTITY 1450 t Diversified economies of Native America t Rise of the Ottoman Empire blocks Asian trading routes of the Italian city-states t Europeans fish off North American coast t Portuguese traders explore African coast t Christopher Columbus explores the Bahamas and West Indies t Pedro Alvares Cabral makes landfall in Brazil t Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru t Rise of monarchical nation-states in Europe t Aztecs and Incas consolidate their empires t Probable founding of the Iroquois Confederacy t Rise of the Songhai Empire in Africa t Protestant Reformation (1517) sparks century of religious warfare t Henry VIII creates Church of England t Founding of Jesuit order t Castile and Aragon joined to create Spain the Inquisition helps create a sense of Spanishness t John Calvin establishes a Protestant commonwealth in Geneva, Switzerland 1550 t Growth of the outwork system in English textile industry t Spanish encomienda system organizes native labor in Mexico t Inca mita system is co-opted by the Spanish in the Andes t Castilians and Africans arrive in Spanish America in large numbers t English colonies in Newfoundland, Maine, and Roanoke fail t Elizabeth’s sea dogs plague Spanish shipping t English monarchs adopt mercantilist policies t Defeat of the Spanish Armada (t Philip II defends the Roman Catholic Church against Protestantism t Elizabeth I adopts Protestant Book of Common Prayer (t English conquest and persecution of native Irish t Growing Protestant movement in England 1600 t First staple exports from the English mainland colonies furs and tobacco t Subsistence farms in New England t Transition to sugar plantation system in the Caribbean islands t First set of Anglo-Indian wars t African servitude begins in Virginia (t Caribbean islands move from servitude to slavery t James I claims divine right to rule England t Virginia’s House of Burgesses (t English Puritan Revolution t Native Americans rise up against English invaders (1622, st Persecuted English Puritans and Catholics migrate to America t Established churches setup in Puritan New England and Anglican Virginia t Dissenters settle in Rhode Island t Pilgrims and Puritans seek to create godly commonwealths t Powhatan and Virginia Company representatives attempt to extract tribute from each other 1700 t Tobacco trade stagnates t Maturing yeoman economy and emerging Atlantic trade in New England t Growing gentry immigration to Virginia t White indentured servitude shapes Chesapeake society t Africans defined as property rather than people in the Chesapeake t Restoration of the English crown (1660) t English conquer New Netherland (t Metacom’s War in New England (t Bacon’s Rebellion calls for removal of Indians and end of elite rule t Salem witchcraft crisis t Social mobility for Africans ends with collapse of tobacco trade and increased power of gentry
