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Ashanti Law, 36.
53.Rattray Papers, MS 106, 2032. 55.Freeman, Travels and Life in Ashanti, 489. 56.Great Britain, Colonial Office, Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of the Gold Coast, 1935-36 (Accra, 1937), 23. Similar sentences appear in the reports for 1935-6 (p. 22) and 1937-8 (p. 32). 57.ARG 1/2/30/1/2: Petition of >Kings, Chiefs and Head men of Adansi= to Governor, Fomena, 30 Nov. 1906. 58.Domar, >Causes of slavery or serfdom=, 19. 59 Vernon W. Ruttan and Yujiro Hayami, ‘Toward a theory of induced institutional innovation’, Journal of Development Studies 20: 4 (1984), 203-23; Douglass C. North and Robert Paul Thomas, The Rise of the Western World (Cambridge, 1973). 60 David Feeny, ‘The decline of property rights in man in Thailand, 1800-1913’, Journal of Economic History 49 (1989), 285-96. 61 Neither ‘slave’ nor ‘pawn’ appear in the index to the classic study, Hill’s Migrant Cocoa-Farmers. They are mentioned in the text, but not as sources of labour. See Gareth Austin, ‘Introduction’ to 2nd edn of Hill, Migrant Cocoa-Farmers (Hamburg and Oxford, 1997), xvii. 62 Allan McPhee, The Economic Revolution in British West Africa (London, 2nd edn 1971, with an introduction by A.G. Hopkins: 1st edn, 1926), 252-3. 63 Hopkins, Economic History, 228. 64 Gerald M. McSheffrey, ‘Slavery, indentured servitude, legitimate trade and the impact of abolition in the Gold Coast, 1874-1901: a reappraisal’, Journal of African History 24 (1983), 349-68; Raymond E. Dumett and Marion Johnson, ‘Britain and the suppression of slavery’, in S. Miers and R. Roberts (eds), The End of Slavery in Africa (Madison, 1988), 71-116. See, further, Kwabena Opare Akurang-Parry, ‘Colonial modes of emancipation and African initiatives’, Ghana Studies 1 (1998), 11-34; Kwabena Opare-Akurang, ‘The administration of the abolition laws, African responses and post-proclamation slavery in the Gold Coast, 1874-1940’, in S. Miers and M. Klein (eds), Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa (London, 1999), 149-66; Trevor Getz, ‘That Most Perfidious Institution: the slow death of slavery in nineteenth century Senegal and the Gold Coast’ (Ph.D. dissertation, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, 2000); Trevor Getz, ‘A “somewhat firm policy” the role of the Gold Coast judiciary in implementing slave emancipation, 1874-1900’, Ghana Studies 2 (1999), 97-117; Peter Haenger, Slaves and Slave Holders on the Gold Coast (eds. J.J. Shaffer and Paul E. Lovejoy, transl. Christina Handford) (Basel, 2000). 65Because cocoa cultivation was so new in Asante we can assume that there were no trees too old to bear, though we could allow a few additional square miles for farms planted in what turned out to be unsuitable locations or which had been abandoned, at least temporarily, because of disease or infestation. 67Beckett, Akokoaso, 70. 68Cardinall, The Gold Coast, 1931, 90. For a fuller discussion of the variables affecting yield, especially the age of the trees and what we know about them in this geographical and historical setting, see Austin, ‘Rural Capitalism’, 389-91. 69Cf. the general comment of Hopkins, Economic History, 25-6. 70ARA for 1908, 223. 71Austin Fieldnotes (hereafter, AF): interview with Opanyin Kofi Agyepong and Nana Baffuor Asare Bediako, Akwamuhene of Dadiase, Asiwa, 1 Sept. 1982. For a preliminary account of Dei’s role in the spread of cocoa farming to Asante see Austin, ‘Rural Capitalism’, esp. 225, 228, 229, 250-52, 308. 72AF: interview with Nana Kojo Appiah Darko II, Regent of Manso Nkwanta, Manso Nkwanta, 23 July 1980. 73AF: interview with Nana Kofi Agyeamang, former omanhene, Esumeja, 5 May 1980. 74MRO Kumasi State Council RB No. 10, Case of Opanyin Kwasi Agyei-Tiaa, Odikro of Tetekaaso, Plaintiff, vs. Agyeman Manu and 14 others, all of Tetekaaso (1957), p. 437, testiony of Yaw Ntem for the defendants, 1 May 1957. 75MRO Kumasi State Council RB No. 10, Kwasi Agyei-Tiaa vrs. Agyeman Manu and others, p. 445, plaintiff cross-examining. 76NAGK D4A ‘Demarcation of Boundaries & Land Disputes’, Fuller, ‘Feyiasi Stool Case Deposition of Owiabu’, 27 Oct. 1913. 77AF: interview with Nana Kweku Gyekyi, Offoase-Kokoben, 28 July 1980. 78NAGK D2168, M. Alexis (travelling inspector of agriculture), Diary of tour in Manso Nkwanta district, May-June 1921. 79AF: interview with Nana Osei Kofi, former Amoafohene, 6 May 1980. 81Hill, Migrant Cocoa-Farmers, 177. 82Ch. 6 of my forthcoming book. 83AF: interview with Mr. J.W. Owusu, Bekwai, 30 Sept. 1987; also interview with Mr B. Osei and Mr J.W. Owusu, Bekwai, 14 May 1980. 84AF: interview with Opanyin Kofi Agyepong and Nana Baffuor Asare Bediako, Akwamuhene of Dadiase, Asiwa, 1 Sept. 1982. 85PRAAD Accra ADM 46/5/1Provincial Commissioner’s Diary (Southern Province, Obuasi), 1913-17, 24 Oct. 1913. 86Austin, ‘Rural Capitalism’, 227. 87Fortes Papers 8.32, ‘Discussion’ with K. Boateng, Sanahene [treasurer], and Yaw Agyekum, Asokore, 8 June 1945. 88Pareto gain: a change which improves the welfare of at least some people without reducing the welfare of others. 89Ch. 11 of my forthcoming book. 90Examined in my forthcoming book. 91As the last note. 92NAGK Bekwai File 634, ‘Handing-Over Notes’ of Captain O.F. Ross, Acting District Commissiner, Obuasi, 22 Sept. 1924. 93AF: interview with Nana Jonah Samuel Eddo Senior (stool title Yaw Buachie III), former Omanhene of Bekwai, Bekwai, 30 Aug. 1980. 95AF: Mr Kojo Asiedu, Huntado, 11 July 1980. 96AF: Mr. J.W. Owusu, Bekwai, 30 Sept. 1987. 97NAGK Bekwai File 86; AF: interview with Mr. Kojo Asiedu, Huntado, 11 July 1980. 98AF: interview with Nana Jonah Samuel Eddo Senior (stool title Yaw Buachie III), former Omanhene of Bekwai, Bekwai, 30 Aug. 1980. 99ARG 1/2/30/1/13: Ag CEPA to Chief Commissioner of Ashanti, 5 Jan. 1928. 100ARA for 1921, 5. 101.Austin, ‘Human pawning in Asante’. 102Hopkins, Economic History, 225; Swindell, Farm Labour, 117. 103Elizabeth Fox-Genovese and Eugene D. Genovese, Fruits of Merchant Capital: Slavery and Bourgeois Property in the Rise and Expansion of Capitalism (New York, 1983), vii. 104Austin, ‘Rural Capitalism’, 224-86. 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