21st Century Grammar Handbook



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21st century grammar
21st century grammar, transformation, transformation, - - - .pdf;filename*= UTF-8''অনুবাদ চর্চা (প্রথম আলো পত্রিকা থেকে-২৯-০৩-২০২০)-1, 21st century grammar
Noun phrase. Nouns plus any words that modify them are noun phrases the sleeping yellow lion Like noun clauses, noun phrases can play any role in a
sentence that a noun can—subject, objector predicate noun: The sleeping yellow lion rolled over The hunter shot the sleeping yellow lion The zookeeper o ered meat to the sleeping yellow lion Where is the sleeping yellow lion In the examples, the noun phrase sleeping yellow lion operates, in turn, as subject,
object, object of preposition, and subject complement (predicate noun). See also
modifier. All other functions of nouns are possible for noun phrases, from apposition to verbalization.
n’t. These letters and their apostrophe are often used to form contractions of negative
verbs (combined with a shortened not “isn’t,” “hadn’t,” “couldn’t.” Like all such contractions, these forms normally do not appear in standard English writing.


Number. Words are said to have number because they indicate whether one or more than one thing or person is doing something. When one person or thing is involved, the number is singular more than one person or thing is plural. Both nouns
and verbs show number by changing form (see declension and conjugation), usually by adding or dropping
“5”:
One dog lies in the shade of one tree Many dogs lie in the shade of many trees Nouns must agree with verbs in number—singular subjects
require singular verbs (see agreement). WRONG One dog lie … many dogs lies.”
Pronouns also should agree with nouns in number Many dogs pant, and I hear them WRONG Many dogs pant, and I hear it.”
Numbers. Numbers exist in two di erent forms and styles, from a grammatical point of view. They are spelled-out words (“twenty-one”) or gures (“21”), and they are
cardinal (essentially nouns like the rst example given) or ordinal (adjectival forms like “twenty-first” or “21st”).
Ordinals suggest ranking or ordering of things, while cardinals denote quantity or count in itself “Twenty-one is the twenty- rst number A is one letter of twenty- six it is the rst in the alphabet Ordinals are formed, inmost cases, from cardinals by adding “th”: In the survey the schools ranked fourth, ninth, sixteenth, and thirty- seventh The smaller numbers have special ordinal forms by themselves and in combination with numbers over twenty First, second, and third prizes go to those holding the fty- rst, one hundred and second, and thirteenth tickets. Those are the ticket holders for prizes one, two, and three Note that compound numbers change only their last element into an ordinal form The one-hundredth and one hundred and rst people to call get $5.” WRONG I served in the One Hundredth and First
Regiment.”
Cardinals function like all other nouns except that they are all plural—except “one”
and zero When numbers are treated as words in themselves, however, they can be singular or plural The mathematician put a one in the rst column of the table and three twos in the next area Here the numbers stand for countable written forms or marks on a page, and therefore they can have number.

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