21st Century Grammar Handbook



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21st century grammar
21st century grammar, transformation, transformation, - - - .pdf;filename*= UTF-8''অনুবাদ চর্চা (প্রথম আলো পত্রিকা থেকে-২৯-০৩-২০২০)-1, 21st century grammar
OUTDATED TERM
Alderman
USE INSTEAD
Aldermember
Aldermember, ward representative
Anchorman/woman
Anchor, news anchor
Authoress
Author
Aviatrix
Aviator
Bachelor’s degree
Undergraduate degree
Black tie gala
Semiformal
Brotherhood of man
Human community
Businessman/woman Businessperson
Chairman/woman
Chair, head, presider
City fathers
City leaders
Cleaning woman
Housecleaner, office cleaner
Clergyman
Cleric, member of the clergy
Committeeman/woman Committee member
Common man
Average person
Congressman/woman
Congressional representative, member of
Congress


Councilman/woman
Councilmember
Craftsman
Artisan, crafter
Craftsmanship
Artisanship, craftship
Draftsman
Designer, drafter
Family of man
Civilization, human race
Fireman
Fire fighter
Fisherman
Angler, fisher
Forefathers/mothers
Ancestors, forebears
Foreman
Superintendent, supervisor
Founding fathers
Colonists, founders
Freshman
First-year student, newcomer
Gentlemen’s agreement Honorable agreement, informal agreement
Goodwill to men
Goodwill to all, to people
Governess
Child-care attendant, instructor
Handyman
Odd-job worker
Heiress
Heir
Hostess
Host
Housewife
Homemaker
Journeyman
Certified crafter, or specify carpenter,
metalworker, etc.
Lady luck
Luck
Landlord/lady
Owner
Laundress
Laundry worker
Layman
Layperson, nonprofessional
Lineman
Line installer, line worker
Longshoreman
Stevedore
Maid
Housekeeper, house worker

Maiden name
Birth name
Maiden voyage
First voyage, premier voyage
Mailman
Mail carrier
Maintenance man
Maintenance worker
Man and wife
Husband and wife, married couple, wife and husband, spouses
Male nurse
Nurse
Manhole
Conduit, drain hole, sewer
Man-hours
Work hours
Man in the street
Average person, ordinary person
Mankind
Humanity, humankind
Manmade
Artificial, manufactured, synthetic
Manned spaceflight Piloted, staffed, with crew
Manpower
Human resources, staff, workforce Man-sizeBig, large, sizable
Man the phones
Operate, staff
Master bedroom
Largest bedroom
Master’s degree
Graduate degree
Meter maid
Traffic officer
Modem man
Modem humanity
Newsboy
Newspaper carrier, newspaper vendor
Newsman/woman
Newscaster, reporter
Old wives tale
Superstitious folklore
Penmanship
Script, handwriting
Policeman/woman
Police officer
Proprietor/proprietress Owner
Repairman
Repairer
Salesman/woman
Sales representative, salesperson


Sculptress
Sculptor
Seamstress
Sewer, tailor
Spokesman/woman
Speaker, spokesperson
Sportsmanship
Fair play, sportship
Stewardess
Flight attendant
Tomboy
Active child
TV cameraman
Camera operator
Watchman
Guard
Weatherman
Meteorologist, reporter, weathercaster
Woman’s intuition
Hunch, intuition, premonition
Working man/woman Average wage earner, average worker
Workmanlike
Skillful, well executed
Workmen
Workers
Unmanned spaceflight Mission controlled, unpiloted, unstaffed, without crew
Usherette
Usher
W
AYS TO
A
VOID
U
SE OF THE EXCLUSIVE
P
RONOUN
“H
E”
Use the plural if possible Change A policeman should be helpful and wear his uniform with pride to Police o cers should be helpful and wear their uniforms with pride If the plural won’t work, try to nd another way to say the same thing without using any pronoun or gender-marked word The stage makes heavy demands on each performer Note how this example uses the gender-neutral term
“performer.” The example could be extended to a pronoun usage The stage makes heavy demands on performers, requiring each to contribute everything possible.”
Here “each” replaces the restrictive him The less preferable “his/her” construction can also be used Every carpenter should bring his or her own tools “One” is also a useful word to facilitate such choices One needs to give one’s all to the stage.”
Other devices focus lesson noun forms and more on verb constructs to avoid possibly biased language. The passive voice can eliminate an object of a sentence that

would otherwise have to be gender marked Uniforms should be worn with pride,
and helpfulness should be made top priority Of course, the inherent weaknesses of the passive voice are evident in such examples. Still, the potential for sexist bias has been eliminated.
Imperative and reflexive constructions also can help Wear your uniform with pride and be helpful But this commanding tone may not always be appropriate. One might try O cers should be helpful at all times and should wear their uniforms with pride Here a genderneutral word (o cers”) in the plural is combined with there exive themselves to avoid talking about policemen “policewomen,”
“policepersons,” or any less-than-general pronoun.
T
ITLES
The same care should be applied to the use of titles or honori cs “Drs. Smith and
Jones” might include one man and one woman, and the woman might be o ended if she is Jones and is subsumed in Smith’s title. Better to say Dr. Smith and Dr. Jones.”
Similarly, it is inappropriate to address Mr. Jones and his wife the woman who married Mr. Jones deserves her own honori c, be it Ms. or Mrs. (Ms. rather than
Mrs. is generally preferred).
When works or achievements are attributed to more than one person, it is important to take care that all titles are equivalent and fully stated so that recognition is equally distributed. WRONG An article was published by Dr. Jones and Milly Smith Unless you know Milly Smith, and she has speci cally requested that she be referred to in precisely this way, write An article was published by Dr.
Jones and Ms. Smith Unless you can supply Dr. Jones with a rst name or initial,
don’t do so for Ms. Smith either.
Shake, shook, shaken. An irregular verb in its main, past tense, and past
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