The Cultural Industries


sentation, about ‘who is speaking?’, and about who has the authority to



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Chapter 1 The Cultural Industries
sentation, about ‘who is speaking?’, and about who has the authority to
make pronouncements on culture. Importantly, these questions are often applied with equal vigour to those who seek to criticise capitalism, patriar- chy, heterosexism, white supremacy, imperialism and so on, as to those who
02-Hesmondhalgh-4453-Ch-01.indd 52 25/10/2012 5:50:44 PM


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Theories of Culture, Theories of Cultural Production defend them. Throughout much cultural studies writing, there is a relentless probing of authority in culture. Anthropologists working in cultural stud- ies, for example, have scrutinised the apparent objectivity of the traditional ethnographer who observes the culture of indigenous, ‘primitive’ peoples from a relatively privileged position (see Clifford, 1988). In some respects, this echoes the questioning of positivism and objectivism in the ‘interpreta- tive turn’ in social thought since the 1960s. At its worst, it involves a naïve constructivism and suspicion of anyone’s right to say anything at all about any less powerful social group. Other fields of enquiry, such as black stud- ies, queer studies and women’s studies, have brought new voices into cul- tural studies and raised serious and important questions about the politics of speaking from one particular subject position (for example, white, private school-educated, male) about the cultural practices of others.
Fourth, cultural studies has forefronted issues of subjectivity, identity,

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