Themes of the American Civil War

20.
Kerber, Federalists in Dissent, pp. On this point, see also Jean H. Baker, The Ceremonies of Politics Nineteenth Century Rituals of National Affirmation in William J. Cooper et al.,
eds., A Master’s Due Essays in Honor of David Herbert Donald (Baton Rouge, LA, and London, pp. Abraham Lincoln, Address at Sanitary Fair, Baltimore, Maryland, April 18, 1864, in Parish,
Abraham Lincoln Speeches and Letters, pp. 276–8, quotation at p. Abraham Lincoln, Speech in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, February 22, 1861, in Parish,
Abraham Lincoln Speeches and Letters, pp. 158–9, quotation at p. Abraham Lincoln, Speech at Chicago, Illinois, July 10, 1858, in Parish, Abraham Lincoln:
Speeches and Letters, pp. 88–95, quotation at p. 93. On this point, see Albert K. Weinberg, Manifest Destiny A Study of Nationalist Expansion in
American History (1935, repr. Gloucester, MA, 1958), pp. 38 ff.
25.
Cushing, quoted in Weinberg, Manifest Destiny, p. Diary entry for November 8, 1854, in Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, eds, The Diary
of George Templeton Strong, 4 vols. (New York, 1952) III, The Turbulent Fifties, 1850–1859,
p. Gladstone, quoted in Peter J. Parish, The American Civil War (New York, 1975), p. Richard E. Beringer et al., Why the South lost the Civil War (Athens, GA, and London,
1986), p. 77. This work contains an extremely useful summary of the historiography (to of Southern nationalism on pp. 64–81. A more recent study of Southern nationalism,”
showing how this was reinforced if not actually created by the Civil War, and why the
Confederacy’s defeat did not obliterate it, is Anne Sarah Rubin’s A Shattered Nation The Rise
and Fall of the Confederacy (Chapel Hill, NC, 2008). This should be read in conjunction with
Melinda Lawson’s Patriot Fires Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North
(Lawrence, KS, 2002) for an appreciation of the competing “nationalisms” of the Civil War era.
29.
See Drew Gilpin Faust, Confederate Nationalism Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South
(Baton Rouge, LA, and London, 1988) and Gary Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge,
MA, and London, Gallagher, The Confederate War, pp. 7 and 63; James M. McPherson, What they Fought for,
1861–1865 (Baton Rouge, LA, and London, 1994), pp. 11, 33 and passim.
31.
Gallagher, The Confederate War, p. Parish, American Civil War, p. Reid Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers Their Expectations and their Experiences (New York and
London, 1988), p. McPherson, What they Fought for, pp. 9, Peter J. Parish, The Road not quite Taken The Constitution of the Confederate States of
America,” in Thomas J. Barron, Owen Dudley Edwards, and Patricia J. Storey, eds.,
Constitutions and National Identity (Edinburgh, 1993), pp. 111–25, quotation at p. Quoted in Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism, p. Quotation from Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796, in Robert Birley, ed, Speeches and
Documents in American History I, 1776–1815, p. Jefferson Davis, Message to the Confederate Congress, April 29, 1861, in Birley, Speeches and
Documents II, 1818–1865, p. 261. Davis was here referring to Article X of the Bill of Rights.
39.
John Lothrop Motley, The Causes of the American Civil War A Paper contributed to the
London Times” (New York, 1861) in Frank Freidel, ed, Union Pamphlets of the Civil War,
1861–1865, 2 vols. (Cambridge, MAI, pp. 29–54, quotations at pp. 31, 42, 48, Motleys article first appeared in the paper on May 23 and 24, Abraham Lincoln, Speech at Indianapolis, 11 February, 1861; Message to Congress in Special
Session, July 4, 1861; Annual Message to Congress, December 3, 1861, all in Parish, Abraham
Lincoln: Speeches and Letters, pp. 154–6, quotation at p. 156; 173–86, quotation at p. 177;
189–93, quotation at p. 191. Clement L. Vallandigham, The Great Civil War in America (speech in the House of
Representatives, January 14, 1863), in Freidel, Union Pamphlets II, pp. 697–738, quotation at p. Lincoln to Erastus Corning et al., June 12, 1863, in Parish, Abraham Lincoln Speeches and
Letters, pp. 244–51, quotation at p. John O’Sullivan, quoted in Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War, pp. 132, 144.
44.
Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War, p. From Union to Nation?
•
315

Charles Janeway Still, How a Free People conduct a Long War A Chapter from English
History” (Philadelphia, 1862), reproduced in Freidel, Union Pamphlets I, pp. quotation at p. 397.
46.
Boston Post, May 16, 1861.
47.
Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War, pp. 133, 135.
48.
Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War, p. 150. For an extended and detailed discussion of the intellectual response to the war, see esp. pp. 130–50 and passim.
49.
Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War, p. 185. The poem under discussion is James Russell Lowell’s
“Commemoration Ode (1865), which can be found, together with his comments on it, in
Richard Marius, ed, The Columbia Book of Civil War Poetry From Whitman to Walcott (New
York and Chichester, 1994), p. McPherson, What they Fought for, p. 23.
51.
Greenfeld, Nationalism, p. Abraham Lincoln, letter to Horace Greeley, August 22, 1862, in Parish, Abraham Lincoln:
Speeches and Letters, pp. 214–15, quotation at p. Both the Gettysburg Address and the First Inaugural can be found in Parish, Abraham
Lincoln: Speeches and Letters, pp. 266–7 and 161–9 respectively, quotations at pp. 266 and Frances E. W. Harper, We are all bound up together from Proceedings of the Eleventh
Women’s Rights Convention (1866), in Karen L. Kilcup, ed, Nineteenth Century American
Women Writers An Anthology (Cambridge, MA, and Oxford, 1997), p. Harriet Beecher Stowe, The Chimney Corner Atlantic Monthly, January 15, 1865; Louis P.
Masur, The Real War will never Get in the Books Selections from Writers during the Civil War
(1993, repr. New York and Oxford, 1995), p. 251. Charles Sumner, Are we a Nation (1867), quoted in Greenfeld, Nationalism, p. Abraham Lincoln, Message to Congress in Special Session July 4, 1861, in Parish, Abraham
Lincoln: Speeches and Writings, pp. 173–86, quotation at p. 185.

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