Crawford,
William Howard Russell’s Civil War, p. xxxvi.
34.
William W. Freehling,
The Reintegration of American History Slavery and the Civil War (New
York, 1994), p. 237. For slavery’s impact on early Confederate military capabilities see
Armistead
Robinson, In the Shadow of Old John Brown Insurrection Anxiety and
Confederate Mobilization, 1861–1863,”
Journal of Negro History 65 (fall 1980), pp. Clarence Mohr,
On the Threshold of Freedom Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (Athens,
GA, 1986), is an invaluable study.
35.
The Brierfield episode is described in Davis,
Jefferson Davis, p. 409. On William Jackson see
R. J. M. Blackett, Cracks in the Antislavery Wall Frederick Douglass’s Second Visit to
England, 1859–1860, and the Coming of the Civil War in Alan J. Rice and Martin Crawford,
eds.,
Liberating Sojourn Frederick Douglass and Transatlantic Reform (Athens, GA, 1999), pp. 198–202. For accounts of Jackson’s escape see
The Liberator, May 25, 1862;
Harper’sWeekly, June 7, 1862. I am indebted to Richard Blackett for alerting me to Jackson’s history.
36.
See Randolph B. Campbell, Planters and Plain Folks The Social Structure of the Antebellum
South,” in John B. Boles and Evelyn Thomas Nolen, eds,
Interpreting Southern History:Historiographical Essays in Honor of Sanford W. Higginbotham (Baton Rouge, LA, 1987), pp. 48–77, fora useful overview.
37.
U. B. Phillips, The Central Theme of Southern History
American Historical Review 34
(October 1928), pp. 30–43, asserted that the essence of Southernism was the common resolve that the South should remain a white man’s country.
38.
See Escott,
After Secession, pp. Speech at Richmond in Crist,
Papers of Jefferson Davis IX, pp. Robert F. Durden,
The Gray and the Black The Confederate Debate on Emancipation (Baton
Rouge, LA, 1972), pp. 101–6. Bruce Levine,
Confederate Emancipation Southern Plans to Freeand Arm Slaves during the Civil War (New York, 2005), provides an outstanding reassessment of the controversial initiative. Drew Gilpin Faust,
The Creation of Confederate Nationalism (Baton Rouge, LA, 1988), p. 84. The most recent attempt to define Confederate nationalism is Anne Sarah Rubin,
A Shattered Nation The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy (Chapel Hill, NC, 2005). Rubin sees
Confederate nationalism as primarily a sentimental or symbolic attachment, constructed largely independent of political structures, indeed largely independent of the nation itself. It was thus able to survive the South’s defeat in 1865. George C. Rable,
The Confederate Republic A Revolution against Politics (Chapel Hill, NC, p. 210. The classic exposition of the argument concerning the comparative role of political parties in North and South is to be found in Eric L. McKitrick, Party Politics and the Union and Confederate War Efforts in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean
Burnham, eds,
The American Party Systems Stages of Political Development (New York, pp. Jefferson Davis to John C.
Pemberton, August 9, 1863, in Crist,
Papers of Jefferson Davis IX,
p. See Frank E. Vandiver,
Rebel Brass The Confederate Command System (Baton Rouge, LA, pp. 40–3. On Davis’s relationship with his military commanders see in particular,
Steven E. Woodworth,
Jefferson Davis and his Generals The Failure of Confederate Commandin the West (Lawrence, KS, 1990); and Woodworth,
Davis and Lee at War (Lawrence, KS. Also valuable is George Green Shackleford,
George Wythe Randolph and the ConfederateElite (Athens, GA, 1988). Randolph was Confederate Secretary
of War from March untilNovember William J. Cooper, Jr, Jefferson Davis and the Sudden Disappearance of Southern Politics,”
in Charles W. Eagles, ed,
Is There a Southern Political Tradition (Jackson, MS, 1996), pp. quotations on pp. Davis,
Jefferson Davis, pp. 416–17. On the evangelical foundations of Confederate nationalism see Faust,
Creation of Confederate Nationalism, pp. Cooper, Jr,
Jefferson Davis, pp. 242–56 (quotation p. 256). Joseph Davis’s antebellum
“experiment” in slave management is described in Janet Sharp Hermann,
The Pursuit of a Dream (New York, 1981), pp. 3–34, which also discusses the regime at Brierfield. Although Jefferson Davis accepted the management methods established by his elder brother,
their views on slavery sharply differed, as Hermann’s research demonstrates. Davis,
Jefferson Davis, p. 690. Davis and the Confederacy
•
167