Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method By : Ahmed Samy El-bahrawy

3- Extension of the experiment: i.e. conducting an experiment on the example of another experiment by modifying the materials.
4- Transferring the experience: from nature, for example, to art, such as finding a rainbow in a waterfall, or from one art to another, or from one part to another.
5- Reversing the experiment: such as examining whether cold spreads from top to bottom after we know that heat spreads from bottom to top.
6- Cancellation of the experiment: that is, the expulsion of the method to be studied, and since we have noticed that the magnet attracts iron through certain mediums, we must diversify these mediums until it falls on a medium or mediums that cancel out gravity.
7- Application of the experiment: that is, the use of experiments to explore a useful characteristic, such as determining the amount of air purity and safety indifferent places or different seasons with different breathing speed.
8- Combination of experiments: that is, the increase in the effectiveness of a substance by combining it with the effectiveness of another substance.
9- The validity of the experiment: that is, that the experiment is conducted, not to achieve a specific idea. Rather, because it has not yet been found, and then looks

at the result, what is it Like to happen in a closed vessel the combustion that takes place in the air.
Second
: The arrangement stage After completing these nine steps (the collection stage, we arrange the information we obtained and distribute it in three main tables
1- Attendance table: the experiments that appear in the required manner are recorded, and the phenomena that are not found in the experiments of this table are excluded. The aim of this table is to examine a particular phenomenon or characteristic and search for all the examples that exist in it, provided that these examples are diverse and different to the greatest extent. Bacon studied the phenomenon of heat and put in the attendance table
27 cases in which heat exists, such as sunlight, lightning, living bodies, friction, etc.
2- Absence table: it records the experiences that do not appear to be how and which areas similar as possible to the experiences of the attendance table. Here we find Bacon and he has counted the corresponding cases that he mentioned in the attendance table, that is, the corresponding cases in which the temperature is absent or disappears. In this table, 27 cases were observed,

corresponding to the 27 cases mentioned in the attendance table, such as a solar eclipse where the rays disappear and the heat disappears.
3- The comparison table: the experiments in which the quality changes are recorded, and the unchanging phenomena are excluded, so the desired picture is the rest. which he collected.
Third
: The stage of isolation or exclusion In it, we exclude all accidental properties that are not fit to be areal cause of the phenomenon, that is, that do not meet the real conditions of the causation. After counting the cases in the tables we referred to, Bacon found that motion is the cause of heat and reached this conclusion after he found that whenever motion is found, heat is found and whenever motion disappears, heat vanishes, and whenever the speed of motion changes, the heat ratio changes, meaning that whenever motion changes speed or Slowly, the temperature changed according to its increase and decrease.
Fourth
: Investigation or Proof Stage

In it, the purpose is achieved and its sincerity is proven, thus arriving at a general law. The reason that Bacon reached in the previous stage is that movement is the cause of heat is a temporary cause, or it is an obligation on the one whose validity and corruption are permissible. Therefore, at this stage of investigation, Bacon tries to giveaway to prove the validity of this hypothesis. These are the steps of Bacon's inductive method, and there is no doubt that this detailed description that Bacon gave us about his method is areal progress for his time, but it is also noticeable that Bacon did not understand induction, the modern understanding that makes it a method of natural law that relates one phenomenon to another. And then it became a method that clarifies the images of the qualities and thus stands in a middle stage between ancient philosophy and modern philosophy. Therefore, we find that many researchers have criticized this approach, some of them denied Bacon the novelty of his method, and some of them denied his metaphysical attempt to know the subjective properties of things after determining the forms of their qualities, and some of them denied that he neglected the assumptions that are the most necessary of the experimental method. There is no doubt that Bacon's lack of interest in hypotheses is a deficiency in the experimental method, which left room

for John Stewart to come and modify Bacon's method a great deal and put it on new foundations that are still used today.

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