1. The "classical" von Neumann architecture consists of main memory

1.NetBurst was an Intel microarchitecture used in Pentium 4 and Xeon processors, emphasizing higher clock speeds through a longer pipeline, advanced execution engines, Hyper-Threading, and enhanced SIMD instructions, but faced challenges in power efficiency and heat dissipation. Memory segmentation divides the primary memory into segments with separate base addresses and lengths, offering flexible memory allocation and protection. For instance, in x architecture, segments like code, data, and stack are managed through segment registers (CS, DS, SS, ES) with distinct purposes and base addresses, aiding memory organization and access.
• Explain how the procedures should be defined and used. Then, give very a basic example.
• Write the sequence in assembling language to obtain in AX = b b b b cc cc b b b, b, mixing the indicated bits from BL and CL.
• Write the procedure the substitute each numerical value from a string of characters with the ASCII code '*'. The beginning of the string is transmitted in SI and its length in CX.
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DL register contains a number which is less than 100. Write the sequence to obtain in BX its corresponding BCD representation (the digits for tens and units. For example, if DL =
1Fh (this is 31 in decimal, then BX = 03 h.
• Give examples of 3 signals (and their role) on the control bus.

• Explain the concept of "machine cycle.
• Explain the concept of "branch prediction.
• What is specific of the "i microprocessor architecture" compared to ii and i.
• Explain what circuits you may need and how to connect them with the microprocessor in order to implement an 8 bit output port at the address h. Give a practical example how to use this port.
• Write the code to interchange two bytes in memory found at the physical addresses Ah, respectively B8000h, using only indexed addressing Procedures are named blocks of code that perform specific tasks, defined by specifying their name, parameters, and sequence of instructions. They are used by calling their name and can promote reusability and organization in code. A machine cycle refers to the time required to execute one basic operation in a computer's CPU. It consists of a sequence of internal operations needed to perform tasks such as fetching an instruction, decoding it, executing the operation, and storing the results. Machine cycles vary in length and complexity depending on the CPU architecture and the specific instruction being executed. i processors generally offer higher core counts, faster clock speeds, larger cache sizes, and more advanced features compared to ii, and lower-tier i processors, catering to users who demand top-tier performance at a higher price point. To implement an bit output port at address h with a microprocessor like Intel 8086:
1. Hardware Setup:
• Use latch/flip-flops to store output data temporarily.
• Connect latch/flip-flops to the output port's data pins.
• Use buffer/drivers to amplify output signals and connect them to external devices.
2. Microprocessor Configuration:
• Configure the microprocessor's address lines to generate address h when needed.
• Use the out instruction in the microprocessor's assembly code to send data to the port.