Title: Journal of Environmental Science & Engineering

Title: Journal of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISO Abbreviated Title: J. Environ. Sci. Eng.

JCR Abbreviated Title: J Environ Sci Eng

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: Impact Factor

? Tembhurkar, A.R. and Dongre, S. (2006), Studies on fluoride removal using adsorption process. Journal of Environmental Science & Engineering, 48 (3), 151-156.

Full Text: 2006\J Env Sci Eng48, 151.pdf

Abstract: Batch adsorption studies were undertaken to assess the suitability of commercially available activated charcoal to remediate fluoride-contaminated water. The effects of some of the major parameters of adsorption, viz. pH, dose of adsorbent, rate of stirring, contact time and initial adsorbate concentration on fluoride removal efficiency were studied and optimized. The optimum sorbent dose was found to be 2.0 g/100 mL, equilibrium was achieved in 120 minutes and enhanced adsorption was obtained at pH 2. Maximum fluoride removal was observed to be 94% at optimum conditions. Freudlich as well as Langmuir isotherms were plotted and kinetic constants were determined.

Title: Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control

ISO Abbreviated Title: J. Environ. Sci. Heal. A

JCR Abbreviated Title: J Environ Sci Heal A

ISSN: 1077-1204

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Publisher: Marcel Dekker Inc, New York

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: Impact Factor

Salim, R. and Robinson, J.W. (1985), Removal of dissolved aluminum (released by acid-rain) using decaying leaves. I. Effects of pH and species of leaves. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 20 (6), 701-720.

Full Text: 1985\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC20, 701.pdf

Abstract: Aluminum ion appears to be toxic to fish particularly at low pH levels. It is important, therefore, to try to remove aluminum ion from water. The short and long term effects of leaves on reducing aluminum concentration in water have been examined. The overall effect of pH on this process has also been studied. Five common species of leaves have been used and their capacities for removing aluminum from solution have been studied. Results showed that leaves absorbed aluminum in widely varying degrees, depending on the type of leaf and the pH of the solution.

Salim, R. and Robinson, J.W. (1985), Removal of dissolved aluminum released by acid-rain using decaying leaves. II. Effects of concentration of leaves aluminum, and other cations. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 20 (6), 721-734.

Full Text: 1985\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC20, 721.pdf

Abstract: The nature of the interaction between aluminum ions and leaves has been investigated. The effects of several factors including the concentratlon of leaves, the concentration of aluminum, and the presence of competing ions on the uptake of aluminum by leaves have been studied. Releasing aluminum from leaves by the effect of changing pH or the addition of foreign ions has been also studied. Results showed that increasing the leaf concentration increased removal of aluminum; the cations Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Co²⁺ competed with aluminum and reduced its uptake but Ca²⁺ did not compete.

Salim, R. (1986), Adsorption of lead on mud. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 21 (6), 551-560.

Full Text: 1986\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC21, 551.pdf

Abstract: Adsorption rate and capacity of lead on mud have been studied. The influence of few factors on this adsorption has been investigated. The factors studied include concentration of mud, chemical form of mud, and the effect of drying mud. Desorption of lead from mud samples has been also looked into.

Lee, T.A. and Hardy, J.K. (1987), Copper uptake by the water hyacinth. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 22 (2), 141-160.

Full Text: 1987\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC22, 141.pdf

Abstract: Factors affecting Cu⁺² uptake by the water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) were examined. Two phases of copper uptake were observed throughout the uptake range (1-1000 mg/1). An initial rapid uptake phase of 4 hours followed by a slower, near linear uptake phase extending past 48 hours was observed. Stirring the solution enhanced uptake, suggesting copper removal is partially diffusion limited. Variations in pH over the range of 3 to 10 did not significantly affect uptake. Increasing the root mass of the plant increased the amount of copper taken up. As solution volume was increased more copper was removed. The presence of complexing agents during the uptake phase reduced copper uptake. The inability of complexing agents to recover all copper initially removed by a plant suggests a migration to sites within the plant.

Salim, R. (1988), Removal of nickel(II) from water using decaying leaves: Effects of pH and type of leaves. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 23 (3), 183-197.

Full Text: 1988\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC23, 183.pdf

Abstract: Nickel has been known to be toxic. Water becomes contaminated with nickel via several sources. Thus developing ways for the removal of nickel from water is important. Leaves have been proved to be capable for removing nickel from aqueous solutions. This removal process has been found to be very dependent on both pH and the type of leaves. Four common types of leaves have been studied over a wide range of pH. The best pH and type of leaves for the removal of nickel from aqueous solutions have been concluded.

? Gupta, G.S., Prasad, G. and Singh, V.N. (1988), Removal of color from waste-water by sorption for water reuse. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 23 (3), 205-217.

Full Text: 1988\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC23, 205.pdf

Abstract: The removal of Metomega Chrome Orange GL, a commercial textile dye from wastewaters has been found to be nearly 99% under the optimal conditions (i.e. 3.0 pH and 30°C temperature) using fly ash as an sorbent. The process follows afirst order kinetics and the value of rate constant, Kad is of the order 310^-2 min^-1. Intraparticle diffusion and mass transfer coefficients have been determined at different temperatures. The sorption data fits well in the Langmuir isotherm model. The effect of temperature has been explained on the basis of boundary layer thickness, activation energy (Ea = -0.87 Cal mole^-1) and enthalpy change (H = -13.04 Cal mole^-1) study. Heat of sorption has been found to be a function of surface coverage.

Salim, R. (1988), Removal of nickel from polluted water using decaying cypress leaves. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 23 (4), 321-334.

Full Text: 1988\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC23, 321.pdf

Abstract: Cypress leaves have been found capable of removing nickel ions from water. The maximum capacity of this removal process appears to be at ~ pH 8.5. Several factors affecting this removal process have been studied. These include the concentration of cypress leaves, the concentration of nickel, and the presence of competing ions. The release of nickel from cypress leaves by the effect of changing pH or the addition of competing ions has been studied. Cypress leaves have been found capable of changing the pH of water. This capability has been also investigated and the effect of concentration of cypress leaves on the rate of variation of pH has been concluded.

Yadava, K.P., Tyagi, B.S. and Singh, V.N. (1989), Fly-ash for the treatment of water enriched in Lead(II). Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 24 (7), 783-808.

Full Text: 1989\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC24, 783.pdf

Abstract: The removal of Pb(II) is dependent of contact time, concentration, pH and temperature, of the solution. The various rate parameters of adsorption, have been determined at different concentrations and temperatures for the present system. An empirical model has been tested to understand the kinetics of Pb(II) removal at different concentrations. The pore diffusion is mainly rate controlling step. The Langmuir isotherm has been applied to find out the adsorption parameters involved in the present adsorption process. The isosteric heat of adsorption has been determined at different surface coverages of the adsorbent. The negative value of enthalpy change (H= -7.269 Kcal mol^-1) suggests the exothermic nature of the adsorption process. The activation energy has been determined and found to be -8.533 Kjoules. The various thermodynamic parameters have been calculated to understand the clear mechanism involved in the adsorption process.

? Sharma, R.K., Kumar, S., De, A.K. and Ray, P.K. (1990), Use of fly-ash as an ion-exchanger in water filtration studies for the removal of heavy-metals. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 25 (6), 637-651.

Full Text: 1990\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC25, 637.pdf

Abstract: Flyash as an adsorbent was found to be effective for the removal of heavy metals after generation with 2.3% HC1 at about pH 6. Iron, lead, manganese and chromium ions were studied for their adsorption efficiency. In the experiments with metals separately lead showed maximum 93% adsorption. In a mixture iron showed maximum adsorption and for lead adsorption was reduced to 28%. Chromium showed minimum adsorption 6.3% in individual experiment and 13.03% in mixture. On the basis of data presented in this communication flyash may be tested at pilot plant level instead of slow sand filtration, for its potential for the treatment of drinking water.

? De, A.K. and Lal, M.M. (1990), Removal of iron from water by coal fly-ash. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 25 (6), 665-677.

Full Text: 1990\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC25, 665.pdf

Abstract: Coal fly ash, an industrial solid waste, was found to have a good adsorption capacity for iron. The effect of various parameters affecting the adsorption, such as bed depth, initial concentration of solute, pH etc. has been determined by column studies. The adsorption of iron on coal fly ash conforms to Freundlich’s adsorption model. Removal of iron from several natural water samples was investigated and showed the effectiveness for iron removal from natural water. The common water quality parameters were analysed in the influent and effluent waters.

Turnquist, T.D., Urig, B.M. and Hardy, J.K. (1990), Nickel uptake by the water hyacinth. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 25 (8), 897-912.

Full Text: 1990\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC25, 897.pdf

Abstract: Factors influencing the uptake of Ni²⁺ by the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) were studied. In the concentration range of 1-1000 ppm nickel the uptake of nickel occurred in an initial rapid phase followed by a slower, near linear uptake phase. Plants subjected to multiple exposure to nickel solutions also exhibited these two uptake phases, but the ability to remove nickel from solution was reduced as the number of exposures increased. Stirring the solution enhanced the uptake of nickel, suggesting that uptake was limited by diffusion. Increased root mass or solution volume increased the amount of nickel removed from solution. In the pH range of 4-10 the uptake of nickel was independent of pH. Competition with various metal ions was found to significantly reduce the uptake of nickel as did the presence of several complexing agents. Nickel initially bound to the hyacinth was partially released to a solution containing EDTA.

Keywords: Eichhornia-Crassipes, Cadmium Uptake, Lead

Viraraghavan, T. and Rao, G.A.K. (1991), Adsorption of cadmium and chromium from waste-water by fly-ash. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 26 (5), 721-753.

Full Text: 1991\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC26, 721.pdf

Abstract: The removal of cadmium and chromium from wastewater by adsorption on fly ash was investigated to determine the effects of contact time, pH, and temperature. Removals of cadmium and chromium attained an equilibrium in three hours. The alkaline (pH 7 to 8) aqueous medium favoured the removal of cadmium by fly ash, while chromium removal was maximum in the pH range of 2.0 to 3.0. Batch adsorption experiments conducted at 5-degrees-C, 10-degrees-C, and 21-degrees-C showed thatm adsorption capacity of fly ash with respect to cadmium and chromium decreased with an increase in temperature. The data for the adsorption of cadmium by fly ash fitted well the Langmuir isotherm while the removal of chromium by fly ash followed generally the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum removals of cadmium and chromium by fly ash were 93% and 44% respectively.

Rao, G.A.K. and Viraraghavan, T. (1992), Removal of heavy metals at a Canadian waste-water treatment plant. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 27 (1), 13-23.

Full Text: 1992\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC27, 13.pdf

Abstract: Cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc concentrations at various stages of the Regina Wastewater Treatment Plant were determined. 24-h composite samples of the wastewater were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the metal removal efficiency of each stage of the treatment plant was estimated. This one-week study showed that the primary sedimentation tanks had the highest removal efficiency for chromium, copper, and nickel, and that the aerated lagoons were more effective in removing zinc and cadmium. The treatment plant achieved removal efficiencies of 97% Cd, 87% Cu, 85% Zn, 84% Cr, and 73% Ni.

Salim, R., Al-Subu, M.M. and Sahrhage, E. (1992), Uptake of cadmium from water by beech leaves. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 27 (3), 603-627.

Full Text: 1992\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC27, 603.pdf

Abstract: Uptake of cadmium from aqueous solutions by beech leaves has been studied. The effect of several factors on both rate and amount of this uptake has been studied. These factors include concentration of leaves, concentration of cadmium, pH, competing ions and drying leaves. The pattern of the curves showing the loss of cadmium from solution has been explained. Applicability of the Freundlich adsorption isotherm on the present results has been examined and the parameters of this isotherm have been calculated. The order of reaction between cadmium ions and beech leaves has been determined and a mechanism for this reaction has been suggested.

Keywords: Cadmium, Uptake, Water, Beech Leaves, Kinetics, pH, Competing Ions, Adsorption Isotherm, Decaying Leaves, Metal-Ions, Fly-Ash, Aluminum, Removal, Transpiration, Hyacinth, Copper

? Bausum, H.T., Mitchell, W.R. anf Major, M.A. (1992), Biodegradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotoluene by fresh-water microorganisms. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 27 (3), 663-695.

Full Text: 1992\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC27, 663.pdf

Abstract: The microbial degradation of 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene was complete or nearly complete in surface water from two locations downstream from the Radford Army Ammunition Plant. No degradation was detected in surface water from four local (Frederick, MD area) sites. Either isomer could serve as a sole carbon and energy source, with about 60 percent of substrate carbon appearing as CO₂, and with an increase in the population of degrading organisms. In both the rate of mineralization in percent degraded per day increased with increasing substrate concentration. At 10 mg/L, degradation rates of 32 and 14.5 percent/day were observed for the 2,4 and 2,6 isomers, respectively. At very low concentrations of the 2,6 isomer a degrading population did not develop, and significant degradation did not occur. The rate of substrate utilization was far greater, and the lag time shorter, for the 2,4 isomer, consistent with a far greater density of 2,4-DNT degraders.

Mixed enrichment cultures were developed for each DNT isomer separately, by sequential transfer to increasing substrate concentrations. Maximum substrate concentrations utilized were about 130 mg/L, and cell yields of 6.8 to 7.310⁵ CFU/mu-g input DNT were calculated. Disappearance of 2,4-DNT in the presence of high concentrations of 2,4-DNT mixed enrichment culture approximated first-order kinetics; pseudo-first order rate constants varied from 0.043 to 0.190 min^-1. The mean second-order constant was 3.910^-10 ml cell^-1 min^-1. If one assumes a concentration of 10⁶ cells/ml, at 25°C, a half-life of 29.7 hours can be estimated for this isomer. Similarly, for 2,6-DNT, the second-order constant was 9.910^-10 ml cell^-1 min^-1. The corresponding estimated half-life was 11.6 hours. This rate is not likely to be realized in natural surface waters, due at least in part to the very low densities of 2,6-DNT utilizers. From mixed enrichment cultures, pure cultures using 2,4-DNT were isolated.

Keywords: 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, 2,6-Dinitrotoluene, Microbial Degradation, Mineralization

? Loizidou, M., Haralambous, K.J., Loukatos, A. and Dimitrakopoulou, D. (1992), Natural zeolites and their ion-exchange behavior towards chromium. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 27 (7), 1759-1769.

Full Text: 1992\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC27, 1759.pdf

Abstract: In this work studies have been performed which demonstrate that trivalent chromium cations may be retained by naturally occuring zeolites. The experimental work perfomed on the natural zeolite clinoptilolite, which is found in abudant quantities in Greece, showed that the ion exchange process is quite rapid and high quantities of chromium ions are removed from the aqueous solutions in a short period of time. Also, the actual exchange capacity of the zeolites is much smaller, about 50%, of the theoretical one. Despite the regeneration conditions used, significant amounts of chromium is retained by the zeolite. It was also shown that loading and regenerating die zeolite greatly improves the ion exchange capacity of the zeolite, since a very small amount of chromium is released during regeneration and an almost constant amount is taken after each loading cycle.

Keywords: Ammonium Equilibria, Aqueous Solutions, Cadmium, Chromium, Clinoptilolite, Ferrierite, Ion Exchange, Ion-Exchange, Lead, Mordenite, Natural Zeolite, Removal, Sodium, Zeolite, Zeolites

Rao, P.S., Mise, S.R. and Manjunatha, G.S. (1992), Kinetic studies on adsorption of chromium by coconut shell carbons from synthetic effluents. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 27 (8), 2227-2241.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A27, 2227.pdf

Abstract: The present work deals with the kinetics of chromium(VI) removal from prepared activated coconut shell carbons. The activated carbons were prepared by physical and chemical activation using H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄, ZnCl₂ activating agents of different Imprignation Ratio (IR). The effect of adsorption of Cr(VI) on pH, particle size concentration, contact time have been studied. Removal of cromium(VI) attained an equilibrium maximum of 70 mins. and slightly decreases with increasing IR. Adsorption obeys First order rate equation and Webber and Morris equation for pore diffusion. Adsorption increases with decrease in pH, is maximum at pH l. Increase in imprignation ratio also increses surface area of coconut shell carbons.

Keywords: Chromium, Adsorption, Coconut Shell Carbons, Kinetics

Viraraghavan, T. (1993), Peat-based onsite wastewater systems. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (1), 1-10.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 1.pdf

Abstract: The paper will present an overview of peat-based onsite wastewater systems based on the experience in the U.S.A., Canada and Ireland. Both laboratory and field studies have shown that peat-based systems for septic tank effluent treatment provide excellent performance in respect of BOD, SS and coliform removals. The paper will include a typical design with a schematic diagram of a peat filter for the treatment of household wastewater.

Roy, D., Greenlaw, P.N. and Shane, B.S. (1993), Adsorption of heavy metals by green algae and ground rice hulls. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (1), 37-50.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 37.pdf

Abstract: This research demonstrates the applicability of low cost, readily available alternate adsorbents to remove and recover toxic heavy metals from water, Heavy metal ion adsorption has been investigated using two different adsorbing biomasses, algae and rice hulls. Algal biomass adsorption studies were conducted with: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Pb, Ni and Zn, and rice hull biomass adsorption studies were conducted with: As, Cd, Cr, Pb and Sr. Both biomasses were dried and pulverized to maximize surface area. The green alga, Chlorella minutissima, adsorbed greater than 90% of the initial Pb, and greater than 98% of the initial Co concentrations. Rice hulls (Mars and Rico Varieties) exhibited similar adsorption percentages: 94% for Sr, and greater than 99% for Pb. The rate of adsorption was fast; the solution metal concentration reached equilibrium within minutes. The cell wall metal complex was found to be stable; the bound metal did not desorb over time under static conditions. Most cationic metal ions could be recovered from the biomass through desorption by lowering the pH of the medium.

Keywords: Adsorption, Heavy Metals, Green Algae, Ground Rice Hulls, Biomass, Ions, Bioaccumulation, Accumulation, Binding, Gold

Cheng, J., Subramanian, K.S., Chakrabarti, C.L., Guo, R., Ma, X., Lu, Y. and Pickering, W.F. (1993), Adsorption of low levels of Lead(II) by granular activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control,