Personal Research Database

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 51.pdf

Abstract: Factors influencing the adsorption of µg/L levels of Lead(II) from solution by granular activated carbon have been investigated. Uptake varied nearly linearly with adsorbent density at loadings less-than-or-equal-to 100 mg/L, but changed gradually to a fractional power term of 0.25 at loadings greater-than-or-equal-to 1 g/L to achieve a 95% removal. An agitation period of at least 5 h was required for the establishment of pseudo-equilibrium conditions. The amount of Lead(II) adsorbed varied with pH and optimum removal occurred at pH > 8. The adsorption process was inhibited by the presence of humic acid, iron(III) and aluminum(III) at levels 2-8 mg/L; by calcium(II) at 100 mg/L; and by polyphosphate at 10 mg/L. Addition of nitrilotriacetic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid caused an enhancement in the amount of Lead(II) removed from solution. The presence of Mg(II) at 100 mg/L, and chloride and sulphate at 200 mg/L each, had no significant effect on Lead(II) sorption by granular activated carbon. The processes responsible for the sorption behaviour of Lead(II) have been considered in terms of the chemical species involved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Lead(II), Granular Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Mechanism, Drinking Water, Drinking-Water, Heavy-Metals, Solubility, Systems

Lu, Y., Cheng, J., Subramanian, K.S., Chakrabarti, C.L., Guo, R., Cheng, J., Ma, X. and Pickering, W.F. (1993), Removal of trace cadmium(II) by granular activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (1), 113-133.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 113.pdf

Abstract: The factors influencing the uptake of trace cadmium by an ethylenediaminetetraacetate-coated granular activated carbon (ECGAC) have been examined and optimum conditions determined. Variables investigated include agitation time, adsorbent dose (or suspension density), Cd(II) concentration and pH. At a substrate suspension density of 200 mg/L, pH of 5.4 and an agitation time of 18 h, uptake was approximately 90% from a solution of 25 µg Cd(II)/L. In comparison, the amount sorbed by uncoated granular activated carbon of 1.0-1.4 mm size fraction under the same conditions was only 5%. The maximum sorption capacity of ECGAC was about 0.4 mg Cd(II)/g (i.e., 3.6 M/g). Under optimum conditions, it is possible to lower the Cd(II) level to below the maximum acceptable concentration of 5 µg/L specified in the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality.

Keywords: Adsorption, Cadmium(II), Edta-Coated Granular Activated Carbon, Aqueous Medium, Drinking Water, Chemical Treatment Processes, Metals

Papachristou, P., Haralambous, K.J., Loizidou, M. and Spyrellis, N. (1993), Studies on the nickel removal from aqueous-solution. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (1), 135-142.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 135.pdf

Abstract: Studies have been performed which demonstrate the influence of several anions on the removal of nickel cations from aqueous solutions by means of natural clinoptilolite. The experimental work performed showed that the ion exchange process is a fast process for both the ammonium and sodium converted clinoptilolite.The actual exchange capacity of sodium clinoptilolite was found lower compared to that of the ammonium clinoptilolite. Nickel removal was higher in the presence of nitrate anions followed by sulfate and chloride anions. For the Watt type electroplating solution the nickel was effectively removed by combining precipitation and ion exchange, the best results obtained with ammonium clinoptilolite.

Keywords: Ion-Exchange, Nickel Ion Removal, Zeolites, Clinoptilolite Electrodeposits

Findon, A., McKay, G. and Blair, H.S. (1993), Transport studies for the sorption of copper ions by chitosan. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (1), 173-185.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 173.pdf

Abstract: The ability of chitosan, prepared from waste prawn shell, to sorb copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions has been studied. Equilibrium studies show that chitosan has a maximum sorption capacity for copper ions of about 40 mg/g chitosan. The mass transport characteristics have been investigated by monitoring the kinetics in an agitated batch adsorber. An external mass transfer coefficient and an intraparticle diffusion rate parameter have been determined for a number of system variables including agitation, initial copper ion concentration, chitosan mass, chitosan particle size and solution temperature.

Calabrese, E.J., Stanek, E.J. and Gilbert, C.E. (1993), Lead exposure in a soil pica child. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (2), 353-362.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 353.pdf

Abstract: A previously published report on soil ingestion in children revealed evidence that one of the subjects, a 3.5 year old female, displayed soil-pica behavior (Calabrese et al., 1989). Subsequent analysis of the soil-pica child data revealed that soil-pica occurred only during week two of the two-week study during which she ingested 10-13 grams of soil per day (Calabrese et al., 1991) and that over 90% of the soil ingested was of outdoor versus indoor (i.e. dust) origin (Calabrese and Stanek, 1992). The present study revealed that on days when the child displayed soil-pica behavior she also displayed striking increases in fecal lead excretory values that could not be explained by other sources of lead exposure (e.g. food). The linking of soil ingestion and lead exposure in the soil-pica child was supported by temporal relationship as well as the magnitude of the change in both soil based fecal tracer excretion and fecal lead excretion. This paper represents the first report to our knowledge of the quantitative relationship of soil-pica behavior and exposure to lead.

Keywords: Lead, Soil Contamination, Soil Ingestion, Pica, Lead, Dioxin

Conetta, J.A. (1993), Histologic effects of noise in the hearts of laboratory rats wxposed to lead and cadmium. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (2), 403-421.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 403.pdf

Abstract: The combined actions of chemical agents (lead and/or cadmium) and a physical agent (noise) was studied in laboratory rats. There were nonhistological effects that were first observed in the experimental groups such as fur discoloration (brown pigmentation), ruffled fur, the absences of fecal droppings at certain times during the noise exposure period, and a decrease in the total weight gained. In addition to the nonhistological effects, the combined effects of low level white noise, with a sound pressure range of 68-72 dB(A) and low level lead and/or cadmium produced substantial histological changes in the hearts of the experimental rats which were characterized by marked hypertrophy, muscle fiber fragmentation and sarcolysis. The analysis of variance showed that the decrease in the total weight gained in the experimental groups compared to that in the control groups was due to the additive effect of noise combined with lead and cadmium. Interestingly, the analysis of variance on the histologic changes in the hearts showed a synergistic effect when noise was combined with lead and cadmium or combined with lead or cadmium alone. This effect is clearly seen by comparing the number of rats in the experimental groups that developed hypertrophy, muscle fiber fragmentation, and sarcolysis in their myocardia to the corresponding number in the control groups.

Buchholz, B.A. and Landsberger, S. (1993), Trace-metal analysis of size-fractioned municipal solid-waste incinerator fly ash and its leachates. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (2), 423-441.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 423.pdf

Abstract: Increased concern over the long-term fate of municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator ash has motivated investigations to ascertain the potential toxicity of heavy metals which leach from ash disposal facilities. Municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash was separated into seven size fractions ranging from less than 20 m to greater than 250 µm and analyzed for metal content using a series of neutron activation analysis (NAA) techniques. The regulatory TCLP extraction was then performed on each size fraction and the leachates were analyzed using inductively-coupled plasma (ICP). Neutron activation analysis and ICP are complimentary trace element analysis methods which achieve multielemental evaluation from parts-per-billion to parts-per-million levels. The elemental concentrations of the fractionated fly ash were compared to those of soil. The concentrations of metals in the leachates were compared to the metal content of the ash and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure regulatory standards. The resulting pH of the extraction fluid and the buffering capacity of the ash seemed to have a greater effect on the metal levels in the leachate than did the actual metal concentration in the various sized ash particles.

Liu, H.H. and Wu, J.T. (1993), Uptake and recovery of americium and uranium by Anacystis biomass. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (2), 491-504.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 491.pdf

Abstract: The optimum conditions for the uptake of americium and uranium from wastewater solutions by Anacystis nidulans cells, and the recovery of these radionuclides were studied. The optimum pH range for both actinides was in the acidic region between 3.0 and 5.0. In a pH 3.5 solution with an algal biomass of 70 µg/mL, up to 95% of the Am and U were taken up by the cells. However, the uptake levels were lowered considerably when ethylene dinitrilotetraacetic acid (EDTA) or iron or calcium ions were present in the solutions. Most of the radionuclides taken up by the cells could also be desorbed by washing with salt solutions. of nine salt solutions tested, ammonium carbonate was the most effective. Our experiments using algal biomass to remove radionuclides from wastewaters showed that about 92% of americium and 85% of uranium in wastewater could be taken up by algal biomass from which about 46% of the Am and 82% of the U originally present-in the wastewater could be recovered by elution with a salt solution.

Keywords: Rhizopus-arrhizus Biomass, Heavy-Metal Elements, Biological-Systems, Biosorption, Accumulation, Ion

Oladipo, M.O.A. and Bodunde, J.O. (1993), ICP-MS analysis of tomato fruits grown on fertilizer amended soil. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (4), 809-820.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 809.pdf

Abstract: Elemental concentrations of Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Cd, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Pb have been measured and established in Tomato Fruits grown on Nigerian soil known to have suffered a long-term application of various types of fertilizers Results obtained were compared with established chemical data on tomato fruits Values obtained for most of the elements do not show substantial diifference from the published data However, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, Rb, and Cd values are slightly higher than expected

Oladipo, M.O.A. Ajayi, O.O., Elegba, S.B. and Alonge, S.O. (1993), The determination of minor and trace elements in some Nigerian cigarttes and raw tobacco using inductively coupled plasma mass spectromety (ICP-MS). Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (4), 839-857.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 839.pdf

Abstract: The concentration of 30 minor and trace elements in five different brands of Nigerian Cigarette tobacco, one brand of Egyptian tobacco and in eight raw tobacco leaves sampled from different locations in Nigeria has been determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. Results obtained were compared with cigarette tobaccos from India, U.S.A., Iran, New Zealand and Turkey. Results of analysis of SRM Citrus leaves standard material showed that the data have been accurately acquired.

Keywords: Neutron-Activation Analysis

Shiskowski, D.M. and Viraraghavan, T. (1993), Removal of chromium from wastewater by peat filters. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (5), 967-981.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 967.pdf

Abstract: The effectiveness of Saskatchewan horticultural peat for removing chromium from the City of Regina wastewater was investigated by using two peat columns each of 100 mm diameter, one column with a 300 mm depth of peat and the second column with a 500 mm depth of peat. Wastewater containing approximately 0.5 mg/L of dissolved chromium was applied to the columns twice daily for a total loading of 1 litre per day. The pH of the wastewater was between 4.0 and 5.0, and the temperature was 23±1°C. The columns were operated for a period of approximately four weeks. The 300 mm and 500 mm columns were found to produce effluents containing a mean dissolved chromium concentration of 0.031 mg/L and 0.018 mg/L respectively with removal efficiencies 94.0% and 96.6% respectively. Fully developed break-through curves could not be developed for either column within the test period.

Lee, W.M.G., Yuan, Y.S. and Chen, J.C. (1993), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed in fly ash from municipal incinerator. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (5), 1017-1035.

Keywords: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Adsorption, Fly Ash, Municipal Incinerator, Size Distribution, Elemental Carbon, Stack Ash, Coal

Hayes, G.J. and Dewalle, F. (1993), Irrigating with municipal sewage effluent in a rural environment. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (6), 1229-1247.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 1229.pdf

Abstract: Between 1968 and 1988, tertiary treated sewage effluent from the South Lake Tahoe, California area was pumped from the Tahoe basin, stored in a multi-use recreation reservoir in a neighboring county, and utilized as agricultural irrigant in that county. A comprehensive monitoring program for surface and groundwater in the irrigation area was not implemented until 1980. The holding reservoir repeatedly proved of inadequate size, resulting in spills to an adjacent creek or the use of irrigant at sub-optimum times. The number of acres available for effluent irrigation decreased substantially during the study period. The amount of effluent irrigant used per acre was significantly higher than the original, anticipated application rates, resulting in demonstrable impacts on surface and groundwater. These impacts, while of no immediate public health concern, were not an intended outcome of the project and were substantially avoidable with better planning. In this rural, near-pristine environment, all but the most minimal impact was unacceptable to local citizens. In response, important changes were implemented as part of a major program change in 1989. Nonetheless, significant concerns exist and should be addressed. Recommendations for improvements to the program and for future avoidance of unnecessary impacts on surface and groundwater are discussed.

Keywords: Effluent, Irrigation, Groundwater, Surface Water, Water Quality, Reservoir, Water

Viraraghavan, T. and Dronamraju, M.M. (1993), Removal of copper, nickel and zinc from waste-water by adsorption using peat. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (6), 1261-1276.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 1261.pdf

Abstract: The effectiveness of peat in adsorbing copper, nickel and zinc from wastewater was studied. Batch kinetic and isotherm studies were carried out to determine the effects of contact time, pH, initial concentration of the adsorbate, and temperature on adsorption. It was found that a contact time of two hours was necessary for the adsorption to reach equilibrium. The optimum pH was found to be between 4.5 and 5.0. The data for the adsorption of copper, nickel and zinc were described well by both the Langmuir and the Freundlich models. The adsorption process was found to be exothermic.

Keywords: Adsorption, Copper, Nickel, Zinc, Waste-Water, Peat, Langmuir Isotherm, Freundlich Isotherm, Dye

Lee, W.M.G., Yen, S.Y. and Chen, J.C. (1993), The relation between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organic-carbon in fly ash from municipal incinerator. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (7), 1495-1506.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 1495.pdf

Abstract: In this study, the relation between PAHs and organic carbon in fly ash from a municipal incinerator is investigated by regression models. It is shown that the relation exists for PAHs with a coefficient of correlation of 0.85 and the regression model obtained is as follows, Y = 0.811X-35.052. In addition, the relation between single PAH substance and organic carbon is also studied. The relation is confirmed for Acenaphthylene (AcPy), Fluoranthene (FL), Pyrene (Pyr), Benzo(a)anthracene + Chrysene (BaA + Chr), and Benzo(b)fluoranthene + Benzo(k)fluoranthene (B(b)FL + B(k)FL). The coefficients of correlation are in the range of 0.82 to 0.93.

Keywords: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Adsorption, Fly Ash, Municipal Incinerator, Organic Carbon, Stack Ash, Coal

? Metropoulos, K., Maliou, E., Loizidou, M. and Spyrellis, N. (1993), Comparative-studies between synthetic and natural zeolites for ammonium uptake. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (7), 1507-1518.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 1507.pdf

Abstract: Studies have been performed in order to obtain information related to the ammonia removal using natural zeolites, clinoptilolite, mordenite and ferrierite in their sodium forms as well as synthetic zeolite A in its sodium, potassium and calcium forms.

Experimental results indicate that natural zeolites show higher selectivity for ammonium ions despite the much higher theoretical exchange capacity of zeolite A.

Clinoptilolite of Greek origin shows the best performance regarding selectivity for the ammonium ion, ion exchange rate and quantities taken. This performance is very promising for the possible use of clinoptilolite for water and wastewater treatment.

Keywords: Ion Exchange, Ammonium Removal, Waste-Water Treatment, Clinoptilolite, Mordenite, Ferrierite, Zeolite-A

? Ahmed, M.N., John, J. and Ram, R.N. (1993), Kinetics of removal of Basic Violet-1 from aqueous-solution using silica as an adsorbent. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (7), 1581-1597.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 1581.pdf

Abstract: The kinetics of removal of Basic Violet 1 from the aqueous solution was studied using adsorption process. The entire work consisted of the measurement of the time growth of adsorption as a function of the amount of adsorbent, pH and initial dye concentration as well as the temperature of the system. A large fraction of total amount of dye was found to be taken out using this process with a short span of time. The adsorption was found to follow the first order process. The adsorption data indicate that the process is spontaneous and exothermic in nature. On the basis of isotherm studies, various thermodynamic parameters such as DELTAG, DELTAH and DELTAS have been calculated. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms are applicable for the present system, suggesting the monolayer formation of dye on the silica surface. Regeneration of the adsorbent has also been studied using KCl solution by elution method.

Keywords: Adsorption, Dyes, Equilibrium, Isotherms

Low, K.S., Lee, C.K., Cheong, F.Y. and Lim, G.S. (1993), Enhancement effect of dye-coting on the sorption of copper by moss. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (8), 1689-1704.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 1689.pdf

Abstract: Equilibrium sorption of copper and related heavy metal cations by dye-coated moss, Calymperes delessertii, Besch. was investigated under various conditions. Parameters studied include contact time, different initial concentrations, pH, presence of chelators and other metal cations. Results showed that modification through dye-coating improved the sorption capacity of the moss. The application of such a system to electroplating waste is discussed.

Keywords: Copper, Dye-Coated Moss, Sorption, Electroplating Waste, Modified Cellulosic Materials, Cadmium, Binding, Ions

Singh, D.S., Gupta, G.S., Prasad, G. and Rupainwar, D.C. (1993), The use of hematite for chromium(VI) removal. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (8), 1813-1826.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 1813.pdf

Abstract: The ability of hermatite to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions has been studied at different concentrations, temperatures and pH. The maximum removal (97%) was observed at 40°C and pH 2.7 with initial concentrations of 19.23 µmol/L Cr(VI) and 40 g/L hematite. The equilibrium data obey the Langmuir isotherm for the present system. The reaction dynamics have been studied and the process involves both film and pore diffusion to different extents. Mass transfer and diffusion coefficients have been determined. Thermodynamic parameters indicate the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process. The uptake of Cr(VI) increases as pH decreases and the maximum removal has been attributed to the formation of positively charged aquacomplexes of iron at the surface and a subsequent interaction with the dominant HCrO₄^- species. An empirical equation has been developed to predict equilibrium adsorption capacity from knowledge of equilibrium adsorbate concentration.

Keywords: Aqueous-Solutions, Fly-Ash, Adsorption, Silica, Acid

Marshall, W.E., Champagne, E.T. and Evans, W.J. (1993), Use of rice milling by-products (hulls and bran) to remove metal-ions from aqueous-solution. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (9), 1977-1992.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 1977.pdf

Abstract: Rice milling byproducts (hulls and bran) were evaluated for their ability to adsorb metal ions from aqueous solution. Hulls adsorbed low levels (13-27%) of Cr(III), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) at 100 mg/L metal ion concentration. Several different bran samples, both full-fat and defatted, were evaluated. A defatted, extrusion stabilized bran was found to have a high adsorption capacity for Cr(III), Cu(II) and Zn(II), but a much lower adsorption capacity for Co(II) and Ni(II). The maximum adsorption capacity of this bran for Cr(III) compared favorably to the total exchange capacity of a commercial resin specifically used to remove transition metals (Zn, Cu, etc.) from aqueous solution.

Keywords: Rice Bran, Rice Hulls, Metal Ions, By-Products, Ion-Exchange, Ion Adsorption, Cadmium, Binding, Water

Zou, S. and Whittemore, D. (1993), Identification of surface water-quality patterns of the Arkansas River basin. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control,