Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat172, 229.pdf

Abstract: A sensitive, simple separation and solid-phase procedure, which is sorption and desorption of cadmium on modified clinoptilolite zeolite (with surfactant and neothorine). for preconcentration of cadmium prior to analysis by FAAS is described. The sorbent has exhibited good sorption potential for cadmium at pH 5. Cadmium was eluted from the column by nitric acid which resulted in preconcentration factor of 160. Thermodynamic behaviors for the process are investigated and adsorption process is interpreted in term of Freundlich equation. A detection limit of 0.015 ng mL^-1 was obtained and it is shown that calibration curve is linear from 0.01 to 4.0 mu g mL^-1 in the final solution. Furthermore, the effects of various parameters such as pH, flow rate of the sample and eluent solution were studied. This method was successfully applied for determination of cadmium in various plant and real water samples. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Absorption, Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Aqueous-Solution, Cadmium, Clinoptilolite, Cloud Point Extraction, Column Method, Desorption, Elsevier, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Heavy-Metal Ions, Natural Zeolite, pH, Preconcentration, Solid-Phase Extraction, Sorption, Sorption Mechanism, Surfactant, Trace Amounts, Voltammetric Determination, Water, Zeolite, Zinc Ions

? Kamboh, M.A., Solangi, I.B., Sherazi, S.T.H. and Memon, S. (2009), Synthesis and application of calix[4]arene based resin for the removal of azo dyes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (1), 234-239.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat172, 234.pdf

Abstract: The present study describes a novel synthetic method for the immobilization of calix[4]arene (II) onto the surface of modified Amberlite XAD-4 resin (4), which does not require the derivatization of calixarene moiety. The novel calix[4]arene based resin (C4 resin) 5 was used as sorbent for the removal of azo dyes. Batch-wise sorption study was carried out and observed that the C4 resin (5) is more effective as compared to compound II as well as pure Amberlite XAD-4 resin (1) to remove the selected dyes [i.e. Reactive Black-5 (RB-5), Reactive Red-45 (RR-45) and Congo Red (CR)]. The effect of sorbent dosage and pH on % sorption was studied. During the extraction process, various kinds of interactions such as electrostatic repulsion, deprotonation of the hydroxyl groups of C4 resin, dissociation of reactive dyes into anions/cations and structural variations were monitored and found that they are highly pH dependent. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Amberlite Resin, Amberlite XAD-2, Aqueous-Solutions, Azo Dye, Batch-Wise Sorption, Calixarene, Congo Red, Dyes, Elsevier, Groups, Immobilization, Linked Chitosan Beads, pH, Powdered Activated Carbon, Preconcentration, Reactive Dyes, Removal, Solid-Phase Extraction, Sorption, Textile Dyes, Waste-Water

? Barassi, G., Valdés, A., Araneda, C., Basualto, C., Sapag, J., Tapia, C. and Valenzuela, F. (2009), Cr(VI) sorption behavior from aqueous solutions onto polymeric microcapsules containing a long-chain quaternary ammonium salt: Kinetics and thermodynamics analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (1), 262-268.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat172, 262.pdf

Abstract: This work studies the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions from an aqueous acid solution on hydrophobic polymeric microcapsules containing a long-chain quaternary ammonium salt-type extractant immobilized in their pore structure. The microcapsules were synthesized by adding the extractant Aliquat 336 during the in situ radical copolymerization of the monomers styrene (ST) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The microcapsules, which had a spherical shape with a rough surface, behaved as efficient adsorbents for Cr(VI) at the tested temperatures. The results of kinetics experiments carried out at different temperatures showed that the adsorption process fits well to a pseudo-second-order with an activation energy of 82.7 kJ mol^-1, confirming that the sorption process is controlled by a chemisorption mechanism. Langmuir’s isotherms were found to represent well the experimentally observed sorption data. Thermodynamics parameters, namely, changes in standard free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy(ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°), are also calculated. The results indicate that the chemisorption process is spontaneous and exothermic. The entropy change value measured in this study shows that metal adsorbed on microcapsules leads to a less chaotic system than a liquid-liquid extraction system. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activation, Activation Energy, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Aliquat-336, Ammonium, Analysis, Aqueous Solutions, Behavior, Changes, Chemisorption, Chromium(VI), Copolymerization, Cr(VI), Cr(VI) Sorption, Cu(II), Data, Energy, Entropy, Equilibrium, Ethylene Glycol, Exothermic, Experiments, Extraction, Immobilized, In Situ, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetics, Liquid-Membrane, Mechanism, Metal, Metal-Ions, Microcapsules, Polymeric, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Removal, Rights, Salt, Separation, Solution, Solutions, Sorption, Sorption Process, Spontaneous, Standard, Structure, Styrene, Surface, Systems, Thermodynamic Parameters, Thermodynamics, Value, Work

? Greluk, M. and Hubicki, Z. (2009), Sorption of SPADNS azo dye on polystyrene anion exchangers: Equilibrium and kinetic studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (1), 289-297.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat172, 289.pdf

Abstract: The sorption of SPANDS from aqueous solution onto the macroporous polystyrene anion exchangers of weakly basic Amberlyst A-21 and strongly basic Amberlyst A-29 in a batch method was studied. The effect of initial dye concentration and phase contact time was considered to evaluate the sorption capacity of anion exchangers. Equilibrium data were attempted by various adsorption isotherms including the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models. A comparison of kinetic models applied to the adsorption rate constants and equilibrium sorption capacities was made for the Lagergren first-order, pseudo second-order and Morris-Weber intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. The results showed that the adsorption isotherm is in the good agreement with the Langmuir equation and that the adsorption kinetics of SPADNS on both anion exchangers can be best described by the pseudo second-order model. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Isotherms, Adsorption Kinetics, Adsorption Rate, Anion Exchanger, Anion Exchangers, Aqueous Solution, Aqueous-Solution, Azo Dye, Batch, Batch Method, Bed Column Adsorption, Capacity, Cationic Dyes, Color Removal, Comparison, Concentration, Data, Diffusion, Dye, Dyebath Effluents, Equilibrium, First Order, Freundlich, Intraparticle Diffusion, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Models, Kinetic Studies, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Equation, Macroporous, Malachite-Green, Model, Models, Photocatalytic Degradation, Polystyrene, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Rate Constants, Reactive Dyes, Rights, Second Order, Second-Order, Second-Order Model, Solution, Sorption, Sorption Capacity, Surfactant-Modified Zeolite, The Good

? Senturk, H.B., Ozdes, D., Gundogdu, A., Duran, C. and Soylak, M. (2009), Removal of phenol from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto organomodified Tirebolu bentonite: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (1), 353-362.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat172, 353.pdf

Abstract: A natural bentonite modified with a cationic surfactant, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), was used as an adsorbent for removal of phenol from aqueous solutions. The natural and modified bentonites (organobentonite) were characterized with some instrumental techniques (FTIR, XRD and SEM). Adsorption studies were performed in a batch system, and the effects of various experimental parameters such as solution pH, contact time, initial phenol concentration, organobentonite concentration, and temperature, etc. were evaluated upon the phenol adsorption onto organobentonite. Maximum phenol removal was observed at pH 9.0. Equilibrium was attained after contact of 1 h only. The adsorption isotherms were described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and both model fitted well. The monolayer adsorption capacity of organobentonite was found to be 333 mg g^-1. Desorption of phenol from the loaded adsorbent was achieved by using 20% acetone solution. The kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption process was best described by the pseudosecond-order kinetics (R-2 > 0.99). Thermodynamic parameters including the Gibbs free energy (G°), enthalpy (H°), and entropy (S°) were also calculated. These parameters indicated that adsorption of phenol onto organobentonite was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic in the temperature range of 0-40 degrees C. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Isotherms, Aqueous, Batch System, Bentonite, Capacity, Cetyl Trimethylammonium Bromide, Clay, Desorption, Elsevier, Equilibrium, FTIR, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kaolinite, Kinetic, Kinetics, Models, Montmorillonite, Organobentonite, Pb(II), pH, Phenol, Recovery, Removal, SEM, Solutions, Sorption, Spectrophotometric Determination, Surfactant, Surfactant-Modified Bentonite, System, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, Waste-Water

? Borai, E.H., Harjula, R., Malinen, L. and Paajanen, A. (2009), Efficient removal of cesium from low-level radioactive liquid waste using natural and impregnated zeolite minerals. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (1), 416-422.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat172, 416.pdf

Abstract: The objective of the proposed work was focused to provide promising solid-phase materials that combine relatively inexpensive and high removal capacity of some radionuclides from low-level radioactive liquid waste (LLRLW). Four various zeolite minerals including natural clinoptilolite (NaNCl), natural chabazite (NaNCh), natural mordenite (NaNM) and synthetic mordenite (NaSM) were investigated. The effective key parameters on the sorption behavior of cesium (Cs-134) were investigated using batch equilibrium technique with respect to the waste solution pH, contacting time, potassium ion concentration, waste solution volume/sorbent weight ratio and Cs ion concentration. The obtained results revealed that natural chabazite (NaNCh) has the higher distribution coefficients and capacity towards Cs ion rather than the other investigated zeolite materials. Furthermore, novel impregnated zeolite material (ISM) was prepared by loading Calix 141 arene bis(-2,3 naphtho-crown-6) onto synthetic mordenite to combine the high removal uptake of the mordenite with the high selectivity of Calix 141 arene towards Cs radionuclide. Comparing the obtained results for both NaSM and the impregnated synthetic mordenite (ISM-25), it could be observed that the impregnation process leads to high improvement in the distribution coefficients of Cs+ ion (from 0.52 to 27.63 L/g). The final objective in all cases was aimed at determining feasible and economically reliable solution to the management of LLRLW specifically for the problems related to the low decontamination factor and the effective recovery of monovalent cesium ion. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aqueous-Solutions, Calix [4] Arene, Capacity, Cation Sieve Properties, Cesium Ion, Chabazite, Clinoptilolite, Elsevier, Equilibrium, Fly-Ash, Ion-Exchange, Natural and Synthetic Zeolites, pH, Radioactive Liquid Waste, Radioactive Waste, Radionuclide, Recovery, Removal, Rich Tuff, Separation, Sorption, Zeolite

? Zhou, L.M., Liu, J.H. and Liu, Z.R. (2009), Adsorption of platinum(IV) and palladium(II) from aqueous solution by thiourea-modified chitosan microspheres. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (1), 439-446.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat172, 439.pdf

Abstract: The chitosan microparticles were prepared using the inverse phase emulsion dispersion method and modified with thiourea (TCS). TCS was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, sulfur elemental analysis, specific surface area and pore diameter. The effects of various parameters, such as pH, contact time, initial concentration and temperature, on the adsorption of Pt(IV) and Pd(II) by TCS were investigated. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity was found at pH 2.0 for both Pt(IV) and Pd(II). TCS can selectively adsorb Pt(IV) and Pd(II) from binary mixtures with Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Ca(II), and Mg(II). The adsorption reaction followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating the main adsorption mechanism of chemical adsorption. The isotherm adsorption equilibrium was well described by Langmuir isotherms with the maximum adsorption capacity of 129.9 mg/g for Pt(IV) and 112.4 mg/g for Pd(II). The adsorption capacity of both Pt(IV) and Pd(II) decreased with temperature increasing. The negative values of enthalpy (Delta H degrees) and Gibbs free energy (Delta G degrees) indicate that the adsorption process is exothermic and spontaneous in nature. The adsorbent was stable without loss of the adsorption capacity up to at least 5 cycles and the desorption efficiencies were above 95% when 0.5 M EDTA-0.5 M H₂SO₄ eluent was used. The results also showed that the preconcentration factor for Pt(IV) and Pd(II) was 196 and 172, respectively, and the recovery was found to be more than 97% for both precious metal ions. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Equilibrium, Adsorption Mechanism, Analysis, Aqueous Solution, Binary Mixtures, Capacity, Cd(II), Chelating Resin, Chemical, Chitosan, Chitosan Microspheres, Concentration, Cross-Linked Chitosan, Cu(II), Desorption, Dispersion, Emulsion, Energy, Enthalpy, Equilibrium, Exothermic, FT-IR, FTIR, Gibbs Free Energy, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherms, Mechanism, Metal, Metal Ions, Metal-Ions, Microparticles, Microspheres, Modified, Ni(II) Ions, Palladium(II), Pb(II), Pd(II), pH, Platinum(IV), Preconcentration, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo Second Order Kinetics, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics, Pt(IV), Recovery, Rights, Selective Adsorption, Sem, Solution, Sorption, Specific Surface, Specific Surface Area, Spontaneous, Sulfur, Surface, Surface Area, Temperature, Thiourea, Zn(II)

? Ramkumar, J., Chandramouleeswaran, S., Sudarsan, V., Mishra, R.K., Kaushik, C.P., Raj, K. and Tyagi, A.K. (2009), Barium borosilicate glass as a matrix for the uptake of dyes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (1), 457-464.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat172, 457.pdf

Abstract: Barium borosilicate (BBS) and sodium borosilicate (SBS) glass samples, prepared by the conventional melt-quench method, were used for the uptake of Rhodamine 6G dye from aqueous solution. The experimental conditions were optimized to get maximum uptake and was found to be 0.4 mg of dye per gram of BBS glass sample. For the same network former to modifier ratio, barium borosilicate glasses are found to have improved extent of uptake for the dye molecules from aqueous solutions compared to sodium borosilicate glasses. Based on Si-29 MAS NMR studies on these glasses, it is inferred that significantly higher number of non-bridging oxygen atoms present in barium borosilicate glasses compared to sodium borosilicate glasses is responsible for its improved uptake of Rhodamine 6G dye. B-11 MAS NMR studies have confirmed the simultaneous existence of boron in BO3 and BO4 configurations in both barium borosilicate and sodium borosilicate glasses. The luminescence studies have established that the dye molecule is incorporated into the glass matrix through ion exchange mechanism by replacing the exchangeable ions like Na⁺/Ba²⁺ attached with the non-bridging oxygen atoms present in the glass. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Aqueous Solution, Aqueous Solutions, Aqueous-Solution, Barium, Barium Borosilicate Glass, Boron, Conventional, Diffusion, Dye, Dyes, Experimental, Glass, Ion Exchange, Ion-Exchange, Ions, Luminescence, MAS, MAS NMR, Matrix, Mechanism, Network, NMR, Oxygen, Rhodamine 6g, Rights, Sodium, Solution, Solutions, Sorption, Sorption From Aqueous Solution, Uptake, Wastes

? Ghosh, S., Das, S.K., Guha, A.K. and Sanyal, A.K. (2009), Adsorption behavior of lindane on Rhizopus oryzae biomass: Physico-chemical studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (1), 485-490.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat172, 485.pdf

Abstract: Rhizopus oryzae biomass (ROB), depending on the age of the culture has been found to adsorb lindane, an organochloro pesticide from its aqueous solution to the extent of 63-90%. The adsorption process does not depend on the pH of the solution or incubation temperature and is very rapid during the first 15 min and reaches equilibrium within 60 min following pseudo-second-order rate model. The adsorption capacity of 1 g ROB towards lindane is 107.5 mu g as calculated from pseudo-second-order curve. The equilibrium isotherm data better fit to Freundlich (R = 0.98) than Langmuir model (R = 0.54). Removal of lipids from ROB with organic solvents reduces its adsorption capacity by 55-68% indicating the importance of hydrophobic interaction in the present adsorption process. SEM-EDX analysis reveals that lindane is adsorbed on the biomass. This study shows that ROB may be a good biosorbent for the removal of lindane from water. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Age, Analysis, Aqueous Solution, Bagasse Fly-Ash, Behavior, Biomass, Biosorbent, Biosorption, Capacity, Culture, Data, Equilibrium, Equilibrium Isotherm, First, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Hydrophobic Interaction, Interaction, Isotherm, Langmuir, Langmuir Model, Lindane, Lipids, Model, Organic, Pesticide, pH, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Rate, R. oryzae Biomass, Removal, Rhizopus oryzae, Rights, SEM-EDX, Solution, Sugar-Industry Waste, Temperature, Water

? Guerra, D.L., Viana, R.R. and Airoldi, C. (2009), Application of natural and modified hectorite clays as adsorbents to removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution-Thermodynamic and equilibrium study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (1), 507-514.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat172, 507.pdf

Abstract: A hectorite (H) clay sample has been modified with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) using homogeneous and heterogeneous routes. Both modification methodologies resulted in similar products. named H-HOM and H-HET, respectively. These materials were characterized by CO₂ gas adsorption, elemental analysis. nuclear magnetic nuclei of carbon-13 and silicon-29. The effect of two variables (contact time and metal concentration) has been studied using batch technique at room temperature and pH 2.0. After achieving the best conditions for Cr(VI) adsorption, isotherms of this adsorbate on using the chosen adsorbents were obtained, which were fitted to non-linear Sips isotherm model. The maximum number of moles adsorbed was determined to be 11.63, 12.85 and 14.01 mmol g^-1 for H, H-HOM and H-HET, respectively. reflecting the maximum adsorption order of H-HET > H-HOM > H. The energetic effects (Δ_intHº, Δ_intGº, andΔ_intSº) caused by chromium ion adsorption were determined through calorimetric titrations. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Process, Analysis, Batch, Biosorbent, Brazil, Chemistry, Chromium, Clay, Clays, CO₂, Concentration, Cr(VI), Cr(VI) Adsorption, Equilibrium, Ferrous Saponite, Hectorite, Hexavalent Chromium, Intercalation, Isotherm, Isotherm Model, Isotherms, Magnetic, Metal, Methodologies, Model, Modification, Modified, Modified Hectorite, Natural, pH, Reduction, Removal, Room Temperature, Silica-Gel, Temperature, Thermodynamic

? Ho, Y.S. (2009), Comments on “Defluoridation of water using neodymium-modified chitosan” Discussion. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (1), 515.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat172, 515.pdf; 2009\J Haz Mat-Ho3.pdf; 2009\J Haz Mat172, 515.pdf

Keywords: Sorption, Water

? Lin, J.X. and Wang, L. (2009), Comment on “Adsorption of Supranol Yellow 4 GL from aqueous solution by surfactant-treated aluminum/chromium-intercalated bentonite” Discussion. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (1), 516-517.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat172, 516.pdf

Keywords: Adsorption, Aqueous Solution, Comment on, Elovich Equation, Kinetic-Models, Kinetics, Pseudo-Second-Order Equation, Removal, Solution, Supranol Yellow 4 GL

? Deliyanni, E.A., Peleka, E.N. and Matis, K.A. (2009), Modeling the sorption of metal ions from aqueous solution by iron-based adsorbents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (2-3), 550-558.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat172, 550.pdf

Abstract: The possibility of using iron-based adsorbents (i.e. akaganeite or goethite) to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions was the aim of the present review paper. Synthesized material was used in two forms, i.e. in fine powder of nanocrystals and in the form of grains (as granular). The main examined parameters were the quantity of sorbent, the presence of ionic strength, the pH value of solution and the metals speciation, including the presence of complexing agents. The removal efficiency of the packed-bed column was examined and compared. Typical adsorption models were discussed and the bed depth-service time equation has been applied to the sorption results in order to model the column operation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated-Carbon, Adsorption, Akaganeite-Type Nanocrystals, Aqueous, Breakthrough, Column Operation, Complexing Agents, Elsevier, Ferric Hydroxide Gfh, Fixed-Bed Adsorption, Goethite, Heavy Metal, Ionic Strength, Metal, Metal Ions, Metals, Models, Nanocrystals, Oxide, Packed-Bed, pH Effect, Removal, Review, Solutions, Sorbent, Sorption, Speciation, Water

? Abo-El-Enein, S.A., Eissa, M.A., Diafullah, A.A., Rizk, M.A. and Mohamed, F.M. (2009), Removal of some heavy metals ions from wastewater by copolymer of iron and aluminum impregnated with active silica derived from rice husk ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172 (2-3), 574-579.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat172, 574.pdf

Abstract: Recently because of increasing of the environmental awareness and demands, several attempts were carried out for the conversion of by-products of natural materials, especially agricultural wastes, to highly sorption capacity materials. In recent years, attention has been focused on the utilization of unmodified or modified agro-residues as sorbents for removal of pollutants. Various modifications have been reported to enhance sorption capacities for heavy metals. The present study deals with the adsorption equilibrium of iron, manganese, lead and arsenic ions from aqueous solutions on copolymer of Al⁺³, Si⁺⁴ and Fe⁺³ using batch techniques. The influence of various parameters, such as agitation time, sorbent mass and pH of sorbate solution were investigated. Under this study the maximum adsorption capacity of iron and aluminum copolymer impregnated with silica (PAIFeClSi) for lead, iron, manganese and arsenic are found to be 416, 222,158,146 mg/g, respectively. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Active Silica, Adsorption, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Aluminum, Aqueous, Arsenic, Cadmium, Capacity, Elsevier, Equilibrium, Heavy Metals, Iron, Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms, Lead, Lead Removals, Manganese, Metals, Removal, Rice Husk, Solutions, Sorption, Wastewater

? Sharma, A., Saxena, A. and Singh, B. (2009), In-situ degradation of sulphur mustard using (1R)-(-)-(camphorylsulphonyl) oxaziridine impregnated adsorbents. Journal of Hazardous Materials,