Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat180, 366.pdf

Abstract: Cassava peel is a prospective cheap biosorbent for metal ions sequestration. In this research, the ability of cassava peel to remove Cu(II) from aqueous solution was evaluated. Its physical characteristics were probed by nitrogen adsorption measurements and scanning electron microscopy while its biosorption mechanism was studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive using X-ray analysis-(SEM/EDX), X-ray mapping and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Biosorption experiments were carried out isothermally at three different temperatures (30°C, 45°C and 60°C) in a static mode. The maximum adsorption capacity (41.77 mg g^-1) was attained at the highest temperature. The pH and particle size effects in relation to biosorption capacity were also discussed. In addition, Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and Toth equations were tested for data correlation. Langmuir and Freundlich models were the best choices since they contained less parameter with equally good fitting performance in comparison to the other three parameters equations. For kinetic studies, sorption rates were better represented using a pseudo second-order expression in comparison to a more commonly used pseudo first-order equation. Also, thermodynamic variables showed that the process was spontaneous (G < 0), endothermic (H > 0) and irreversible (S > 0). (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Biosorption, Cassava Peel, Cladophora-Fascicularis, Continuous Biosorption, Copper, Copper Biosorption, Golden Shower Biomass, Heavy-Metals, Kinetic, Langmuir, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Maximum Adsorption Capacity, Ni(II) Biosorption, Removal, Research, Waste-Water

? Xu, Z., Wang, S.L. and Gao, H.W. (2010), Effects of nano-sized silicon dioxide on the structures and activities of three functional proteins. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 180 (1-3), 375-383.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat180, 375.pdf

Abstract: Nanomaterials are finding increasing use in industrial production and daily life. However, human exposure to them may cause health risks. Nano-SiO₂ was selected as a representative nanomaterial and its potential effects were investigated in terms of its interactions with cytochrome c (cyt c), deoxyribonuclease (DNase II) and hemoglobin (Hb). The interactions accorded with Langmuir isothermal adsorption; the saturation binding numbers for cyt c, DNase II and Hb were 42 +/- 5, 24 +/- 2 and 1.1 +/- 0.1 mu mol/g nano-SiO₂ particle at pH 7.4, respectively, and the corresponding stability constants were 6.15 x 105, 1.79 x 106 and 2.6 x 107 M-1. On the basis of the binding constants and of zeta-potential fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) measurements and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), it was found that the three functional proteins can bridge nano-SiO₂ particles via charge attraction and hydrogen bonding and aggregate them into coralloid forms. The interactions also changed the secondary structures of the proteins and inhibited their static and dynamic activities. It may reasonably be deduced that exposure to nano-size silicon dioxide particles e.g. as drug carriers may have an unfavorable effect on human health by inactivating functional proteins. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid Deoxyribonuclease, Adsorption, Aqueous-Solution, Bovine Serum-Albumin, Cd, Colloidal TiO₂, Conformational-Changes, Cytochrome-C, Deoxyribonuclease-Ii, Langmuir, Metal-Oxide, Molecular Interaction, Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, pH, Production, Protein, SEM, Silica, Surface Adsorption, TiO₂ Particles, Zeta Potential

? Goh, K.H. and Lim, T.T. (2010), Influences of co-existing species on the sorption of toxic oxyanions from aqueous solution by nanocrystalline Mg/Al layered double hydroxide. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 180 (1-3), 401-408.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat180, 401.pdf

Abstract: The influences of common oxyanions (i.e. nitrate, silica, sulfate, carbonate, and phosphate) and natural organic matter (NOM) on the sorption of arsenate, chromate, bromate and vanadate (toxic oxyanions) by nanocrystalline Mg/Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) were investigated. Besides the type and concentration of the co-existing species, sorption competition was greatly dependent on the solution pH. In general, based on their sorption competitiveness with the toxic oxyanions, the co-existing common oxyanions were ranked in the order of nitrate < silica <= sulfate < carbonate < phosphate, while the toxic oxyanions could be ranked in the order of bromate < arsenate approximate to chromate <= vanadate, indicating the oxyanions with lower ionic potentials were less preferably sorbed by the LDH. Based on the comprehensive study on sorption of arsenate by the LDH, the decrease in sorption of toxic oxyanions could be attributed to the competition of common oxyanions for common sorption sites on the LDH which predominantly occurred via ion exchange mechanism. NOM inhibited toxic oxyanion sorption through shielding LDH surface sites, directly competing for sorption sites of LDH, and co-precipitating the LDH. The presence of common oxyanions and NOM generally did not affect the mineral stability of the nanocrystalline LDH. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Arsenate, Arsenic Removal, Carbonate, Common Oxyanions, Goethite, Groundwater, Humic-Acid, Ion Exchange, Ionic Potential, Ions, Iron, Layered Double Hydroxide, Nom, Oxides, pH, Phosphate, Silica, Sorption, Toxic Oxyanions

? Smith, J.W.H., Westreich, P., Abdellatif, H., Filbee-Dexter, P., Smith, A.J., Wood, T.E., Croll, L.M., Reynolds, J.H. and Dahn, J.R. (2010), The investigation of copper-based impregnated activated carbons prepared from water-soluble materials for broad spectrum respirator applications. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 180 (1-3), 419-428.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat180, 419.pdf

Abstract: The preparation of impregnated activated carbons (IACs) from aqueous, copper-containing solutions for broad spectrum gas filtration applications is studied here. Several samples were studied to determine the effect that impregnant loading, impregnant distribution and impregnant recipe had on the overall performance. Dynamic flow testing was used to determine the gas filtration capacity of the IAC samples versus a variety of challenge gases. X-ray diffraction (XRD). scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) were used to characterize the impregnant distribution on the carbon as a function of impregnant loading. Oven tests were performed to determine the thermal stability of the IAC samples exposed to elevated temperatures. The role impregnant distribution plays in gas filtration capacity and the overall performance of the IAC samples is discussed. The IAC samples prepared in this work were found to have gas filtration capacities as good as or better than broad spectrum respirator carbon samples prepared from the patent literature. IACs impregnated with an aqueous 2.4 M Cu(NO3)(2)/0.04 M H-3 PO4 center dot 12MoO(3)/4 M HNO3 solution that were heated to 200 degrees C under argon were found to have the best overall performance of the samples studied in this work. (C) 2010 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Ammonia, Analysis, Gas Filtration Capacity, Impregnated Activated Carbon, Literature, Lmpregnant Distribution, Nitric Acid Treatment, Nitrogen, Relative Stoichiometric Ratio of Reaction, SEM, SO₂, Surface, X-Ray Diffraction, XRD

? Hansen, H.K., Arancibia, F. and Gutiérrez, C. (2010), Adsorption of copper onto agriculture waste materials. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 180 (1-3), 442-448.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat180, 442.pdf

Abstract: Mining activities generate large amounts of wastewater, which contain heavy metals of elevated concentration according to legislative threshold values. Therefore, treatment is necessary, and there has been a recent focus on more environmentally friendly methods. One of these is biosorption, where heavy metals are adsorbed from the wastewater via materials of biological origin. In this work copper sorption capacity, kinetics and isotherms of different low-cost residual agricultural materials was studied. Seven different materials were investigated: peanut shells, nut shells, plum seeds, eucalyptus bark, olive pips, peach stones, and pine sawdust. The best sorption results were obtained in acidic pH for olive pips, peach stones and pine sawdust. Furthermore, it was observed that at higher pH, a longer duration of time is required before equilibrium is established. In general, the better biosorbents were found to be peach stones and pine sawdust with a sorption capacity at acidic pH around 10-15 mgCu g^-1 biosorbent. In addition it was found, that the Ho and McKay second order model described the sorption kinetics very satisfactorily. Both Langmuir and Freundlich models described the equilibrium sorption isotherms well for the biosorbents studied - with the last model being slightly better. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbents, Adsorption, Agricultural Residues, Aqueous-Solutions, Biosorption, Biosorption Capacity, Biosorption Kinetics, Copper, Cu(II), Equilibrium, Freundlich Isotherm, Heavy-Metals, Ions, Isotherms, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Removal, Sawdust, Sludge, Water

? Çoruh, S., Şenel, G. and Ergun, O.N. (2010), A comparison of the properties of natural clinoptilolites and their ion-exchange capacities for silver removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 180 (1-3), 486-492.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat180, 486.pdf

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to investigate the removal of silver ions from aqueous solutions using natural clinoptilolites collected from Cankiri-Corum and Manisa-Gordes regions of Turkey. The optimum conditions for adsorption/ion exchange by using a batch method were evaluated by changing various parameters such as particle size, contact time, initial pH of the solution, adsorbent amount, initial metal concentration and acidic treatment. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherm equations were derived form the basic empirical equations, and used for calculation of adsorption parameters. The equilibrium data fit well the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacities of cankiri-corum and Manisa-Gordes clinoptilolites as obtained from Langmuir isotherm were found to be 31.44 and 22.57 mg/g. The adsorption kinetic rates and metal recoveries were estimated by pseudo-first order, second order and intra-particle models. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Characteristics, Adsorption Isotherm, Aqueous-Solutions, Batch Method, Clinoptilolite, Copper, Desorption, Equilibrium, Fly-Ash, Heavy-Metal Ions, Ion Exchange, Ions, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetics, Langmuir Isotherm, Metal, Natural, pH, Pseudo-First Order, Pseudo-First-Order, Removal, Silver, Sorption, Treatment, Turkey, Waste-Water, Zeolite, Zinc

? Yu, X.B., Wei, C.H., Ke, L., Hu, Y., Xie, X.Q. and Wu, H.Z. (2010), Development of organovermiculite-based adsorbent for removing anionic dye from aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 180 (1-3), 499-507.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat180, 499.pdf

Abstract: This paper reports on the development of organovermiculite-based adsorbent for removing Congo Red (CR), a model anionic dye, from aqueous solution. The organovermiculite was prepared using hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (HDTMAB) with variations in cation exchange capacity (CEC) and was then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results from the adsorption experiments showed that with the organic modification of 50, 100, and 200% CEC, the adsorption capacity of vermiculite towards CR was greatly improved from 2.6 to 74.07, 175.44 and 192.31 mg/g, respectively, at 298 K. The adsorption isotherm experiment was conducted at different temperatures (298, 308 and 318 K), and it was found that the uptake of CR increased with increasing temperature. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied and the Langmuir model was found to fit the equilibrium data better. The adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model. In addition, various thermodynamic parameters such as changes in enthalpy. entropy, and the Gibbs free energy were calculated, showing adsorption to be an endothermic yet spontaneous process. The results indicated that the organovermiculite may be an effective adsorbent for the removal of anionic dyes from wastewater. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid Dye, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Kinetics, Bentonite, Chitosan, Clay, Congo Red, Congo Red, Dye, Equilibrium, Freundlich Isotherm, Isotherm, Kinetics, Langmuir, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Naphthalene, Organoclay, Surfactant, Vermiculite

? Zaini, M.A.A., Amano, Y. and Machida, M. (2010), Adsorption of heavy metals onto activated carbons derived from polyacrylonitrile fiber. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 180 (1-3), 552-560.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat180, 552.pdf

Abstract: The aim of this research is to produce activated carbons derived from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber and to examine their feasibility of removing heavy metals from aqueous solution. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to identify the suitable conditions for preparing oxidized fiber and coke as activated carbon precursors. Steam and CO2 were used to activate the precursors. Activated carbons were characterized by their pore texture, elemental compositions and surface functionalities. Batch adsorption and desorption studies were carried out to determine the metal-binding ability of activated carbons. Two commercial activated carbon fibers (ACFs), i.e., A-20 and W10-W, were employed to compare the removal performance of PAN derived activated carbons. Influence of oxidation treatment of PAN fiber prior to steam activation was also explored and discussed. Results indicated that steam produced a higher surface area but a lower resultant yield as compared to CO2. Also, precursors activated by steam showed a greater removal performance. For both activation methods, fiber displayed a better metal-binding ability than coke. A small nitrogen loss from PAN fiber as a result of oxidation treatment assisted a greater removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II). but the interaction to Cu(II) was found stronger. It is proposed that the formation of cyclized structure by oxidation treatment minimized the nitrogen loss during steam activation, hence increased the uptake performance. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Activated Carbons, Adsorption, Analysis, Area, CO₂, Conversion, Copper(II), Cu(II), Desorption, Fiber, Fibers, Heavy Metals, Ions, Microstructure, Oxidation, Pb(II), Polyacrylonitrile Fiber, Pore, Recommendations, Removal, Research, Surface Functional-Groups, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Treatment, Water

? Saxena, A., Mangal, L., Rai, P.M., Rawat, A.S., Kumar, V. and Datta, M. (2010), Adsorption of diethylchlorophosphate on metal oxide nanoparticles under static conditions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 180 (1-3), 566-576.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat180, 566.pdf

Abstract: Nanoparticles of MgO, Al2O3, CaO and SiO2 were synthesized using aerogel route, and characterized by N-2-BET, SEM, TEM, XRD, TGA and FT-IR techniques. Characterization indicated 2-75 nm diameter nanoparticles with 135-887 m(2)/g surface area and microporous-mesoporous characteristics. Prepared nanoparticles were tested for their adsorptive potential by conducting studies on kinetics of adsorption of diethylchlorophosphate under static conditions. The kinetic parameters such as equilibration constant, equilibration capacity, diffusional exponent and adsorbate-adsorbent interaction constant have been determined using linear driving force model and Fickian diffusion model. AP-MgO and AP-CaO showed the maximum (1011 mg/g) and minimum (690 mg/g) uptake of DECIP, respectively. All nanoparticles showed the values of diffusional exponent to be >0.5, indicating the diffusion mechanism to be anomalous. Hydrolysis reaction (identified using GC/MS technique) was found to be the route of degradation of DECIP. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Kinetics, Al₂O₃, Carbon Molecular-Sieves, Characterization, Chemistry, Degradation, Diethylchlorophosphate, Diffusion, FTIR, HD, Hydrolysis, Hydroxide, Kinetic, Kinetics, Magnesium Methoxide, Metal Oxide Nanoparticles, Nanoparticles, Reagents, SEM, TEM, XRD

? Wang, L., Xing, R.G., Liu, S., Yu, H.H., Qin, Y.K., Li, K.C., Feng, J.H., Li, R.F. and Li, P.C. (2010), Recovery of silver(I) using a thiourea-modified chitosan resin. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 180 (1-3), 577-582.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat180, 577.pdf

Abstract: This work describes the preparation of a chelating resin from chemically modified chitosan. The resin was synthesized by using O-carboxymethylated chitosan to cross-link a polymeric Schiffs base of thiourea/glutaraldehyde and characterized by IR. Batch method was applied for testing the resin’s adsorption behavior. Adsorption experiments showed the resin had good adsorption capacity and high selectivity for Ag(I) in aqueous solution. The maximum uptake of Ag(I) exhibited was 3.77 mmol/g, at pH 4.0. The results also indicated that the adsorption process was exothermic and fit well with the pseudosecond-order kinetic model. Ag(I) desorption could reach 99.23% using 0.5 M thiourea-2.0 M HCl solution. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption, Aqueous-Solution, Chitosan, Copper(II), Desorption, Equilibrium, Gold(III), Kinetic, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Metal-Ions, Palladium(II), Recovery, Resin, Silver, Sorption, Thiourea, Water

? Peña-Rodríguez, S., Fernández-Calviño, D., Nóvoa-Muñoz, J.C., Arias-Estévez, M., Núñez-Delgado, A., Fernández-Sanjurjo, M.J. and Álvarez-Rodríguez, E. (2010), Kinetics of Hg(II) adsorption and desorption in calcined mussel shells. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 180 (1-3), 622-627.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat180, 622.pdf

Abstract: The potential use of calcined mussel shells to purify water contaminated with mercury was evaluated. The Hg(II) adsorption and desorption kinetics were studied in batch-type and stirred-flow chamber experiments. The adsorption/desorption experiments revealed some differences between the batches of shells used. The batch of shells that displayed the greatest capacity to adsorb Hg(II), via a highly irreversible reaction, also contained more Fe and Al than the other batches. The results of the stirred-flow chamber experiments indicated a high degree of irreversibility in the process of Hg(II) adsorption in the mussel shell, and that Hg(II) was rapidly retained. The results of these experiments also revealed that the efficiency of depuration differed depending on the length of time that the system was used: when the system was operated for 55 min. depurating 162 mL of inflowing water g(-1) mussel shell, a 90% reduction in the initial concentration of Hg(II) was obtained; use of the system for 90 min, depurating 265 mL water g(-1) mussel shell, produced a 75% reduction in the initial Hg(II), and use of the system for 162.5 min, depurating 487 mL of water g(-1) mussel shell, resulted in a 50% reduction in the initial Hg(II). (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Batch, Desorption, Hg(II), Industry, Inventory, Iron, Kaolin, Kinetics, Mercury II, Mercury Pollution, Mussel Shell, Quartz, Removal, Soil, Sorption, Stirred-Flow Chamber, System, Waste, Water

? He, C.L., Huang, J.H., Yan, C., Liu, J.B., Deng, L.B. and Huang, K.L. (2010), Adsorption behaviors of a novel carbonyl and hydroxyl groups modified hyper-cross-linked poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) resin for -naphthol from aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 180 (1-3), 634-639.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat180, 634.pdf

Abstract: A series of novel hyper-cross-linked resins were synthesized from macroporous cross-linked chloromethylated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) by adding different dosage of hydroquinone in Friedel-Crafts reaction. The results of the pore structures revealed that the prepared resins possessed micropores, mesopores and macropores, and the chloromethyl groups and the uploaded hydroquinone were partly oxidized according to the results of Fourier-transformed infrared ray spectra. Among these hydroquinone modified resins, HJ-Y06 resin held the largest adsorption capacity for beta-naphthol, and its adsorption capacity was comparable with XAD-4 while much larger than X-5. The adsorption kinetics could be characterized by pseudo-second-order rate equation and intra-particle diffusion model was the rate-limiting step at the initial process. The adsorption was favorable at solution pH lower than 6.5. The adsorption isotherms could be fitted by Langmuir model and the adsorption was an endothermic process. Hydrogen bonding between formaldehyde carbonyl and quinone carbonyl groups on HJ-Y06 and phenolic hydroxyl groups of beta-naphthol was the main driving force for the adsorption. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 2-Naphthol, Adsorption, Adsorption Kinetics, Derivatives, Diffusion, Hydrogen Bonding, Hyper-Cross-Linked Resin, Isotherms, Kinetics, Langmuir, Mechanism, Phenol, Polymeric Adsorbents, Propylene, Removal, Salicylic-Acid, Thermodynamics, XAD-4 Resin

? Zhang, H., Zhang, J.B., Zhao, B.Z. and Zhang, C.Z. (2010), Removal of bacteriophages MS2 and phiX174 from aqueous solutions using a red soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 180 (1-3), 640-647.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat180, 640.pdf

Abstract: Adsorption and desorption of viruses onto and from an adsorbent may have a dominant role in evaluating removal efficiency of a material. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a red soil from south part of China to remove two viruses, MS2 and phiX174, by adsorption from dilute aqueous solutions using a set of equilibrium and kinetic batch experiments. The effect of presence/absence of autochthonous microorganisms was also investigated. The results showed that when the autochthonous microorganisms were present, the red soil adsorbed more than 99.95% of MS2 and 98.23% of phiX174. in which most of them were inactivated and/or irreversibly adsorbed. Sterilization led to an increase in MS2 adsorption, while decreased the adsorption of phiX174, indicating that sterilization-induced virus adsorption is virus type dependent. Fewer viruses could be desorbed from the sterilized soil as compared to the nonsterilized soil, probably because sterilization led to an increase in the strength of adsorption force between the soil and viruses. Though the overall virus removal efficiency by the red soil was less than the USPEA required value of 99.99%, we suggest the potential of the red soil as a starting material in removing water heavily polluted with viruses. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aqueous Solutions, Batch, China, Clay-Minerals, Dechlorination, Desorption, Equilibrium, Equilibrium Adsorption, Inactivation Rate Coefficients, Kinetic, Kinetic Adsorption-Desorption, Microorganisms, Porous-Media, Red Soil, Removal, Sand Columns, Soil, Soil Sterilization, Time, Virus Removal, Virus Transport, Waste-Water, Water

? Arana, J.M.R.R. and Mazzoco, R.R. (2010), Adsorption studies of methylene blue and phenol onto black stone cherries prepared by chemical activation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 180 (1-3), 656-661.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat180, 656.pdf

Abstract: The production of granular activated carbon (GAC) basically depends on the correct selection of carbonization temperature, activation ratio and agent (physical or chemical) as well as the raw material. Black cherry, available in Mexico with relative abundance, is of the same genus as the European cherry, whose stones have yielded good GAC production results. Black cherry stones were tried as raw material for GAC production with phosphoric acid as the activating agent. Optimum carbonization temperatures were found to be between 500 and 550 degrees C with an activation ratio of 1.0 g of phosphoric acid/g raw material. Under these conditions the maximum yield was 48.16 g of GAC/100 g black cherry stones. The experimental adsorption parameters fitted into Langmuir’s model with a maximum adsorption of 321.75 mg of methylene blue/g GAC and 133.33 mg of phenol/g GAC. Black cherry shells are an abundant agricultural by-product with no uses, and therefore are an alternative for producing GAC. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Activation Ratio, Adsorption, Agricultural By-Products, Aqueous-Solution, Carbons, Clay, Equilibrium, GAC, Granular Activated Carbon, Methylene Blue, Pb(II), Phenol, Phosphoric-Acid, Production, Pyrolysis, Pyrolysis, Removal, Shells, Zinc-Chloride

? Guerra, D.L., Leidens, V.L., Viana, R.R. and Airoldi, C. (2010), Amazon kaolinite functionalized with diethylenetriamine moieties for U(VI) removal: Thermodynamic of cation-basic interactions. Journal of Hazardous Materials,