Title: Journal of Dentistry

Title: Journal of Dentistry

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? Turp, J.C. and Minagi, S. (2001), Palpation of the lateral pterygoid region in TMD - where is the evidence? Journal of Dentistry, 29 (7), 475-483.

Abstract: Objective: Palpation of the lower head of the lateral pterygoid muscle is included in many study protocols and examination schemes of the masticatory system. The aim of this investigation was to search the medical/dental literature to find evidence for the validity and reliability of this diagnostic procedure. Methods:A systematic search was carried out using different electronic databases (MEDLINE Ovid, PUBMED, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Current Contents Connect, Science Citation Index, Web of Science, Japana Centra Revuo Medicina), supplemented by handsearch in selected journals and by examination of the bibliographies of the identified articles. Results:Validity: As far as the palpability of the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle is concerned, five publications representing four studies could be identified. According to these investigations, the lateral pterygoid muscle is practically inaccessible for intraoral palpation due to topographical and anatomical reasons. Other anatomical structures, such as the superficial head of the medial pterygoid muscle, may be palpated instead in this. region. Reliability: Determination of the palpability of the lateral pterygoid muscle is characterized by poor interexaminer agreement. Studies investigating the presence of pain in response to palpation of the lateral pterygoid area revealed a moderate intra- and interindividual reliability. Because of the tenderness of the lateral pterygoid region even among healthy subjects, positive findings may lead to wrong conclusions with regard to the need of treatment. Conclusions: Considering the lack of validity and reliability associated with the palpation of the lateral pterygoid area, this diagnostic procedure should be discarded. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adolescents, Citation, Clinical Examination, Clinical Signs, Cochrane, Databases, Evidence-Based Medicine, Feasibility, Intraoral Palpation, Journals, Lateral Pterygoid Muscled, Lead, Literature, Mandibular Dysfunction, Medial Pterygoid Muscle, Muscle, Pain, Palpation, Population, Prevalence, Publications, Pubmed, Reliability, Reliability, Research Diagnostic Criteria (Rdc, Tmd), Science, Science Citation Index, Systematic, Systematic Review, Temporomandibular Disorders, Temporomandibular Disorders, Treatment, Validity, Web of Science

? Joiner, A. (2004), Tooth colour: A review of the literature. Journal of Dentistry, 32, 3-12.

Abstract: Objectives. To review current knowledge with respect to tooth colour and its measurement. Methods. ‘MEDLINE’ database for the period 1966 to the present day and ‘ISI Web of Science’ database for the period 1974 to the present day were searched electronically with key words tooth, teeth, colour and color. Conclusions. The colour and appearance of teeth is a complex phenomenon, with many factors such as lighting conditions, translucency, opacity, light scattering, gloss and the human eye and brain influencing the overall perception of tooth colour. The measurement of tooth colour is possible via a number of methods including visual assessment with shade guides, spectrophotometry, colourimetry and computer analysis of digital images. These methods have successfully been used to measure longitudinal tooth colour changes when the dentition has undergone tooth whitening procedures. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Aesthetics, Analysis, Assessment, Brain, Carbamide Peroxide, Clinical-Evaluation, Colour Measurement, Colour Perception, Colourimeter, Extracted Human-Teeth, Human, Human Dental Enamel, ISI, Knowledge, Laser-Light, Light-Scattering, Literature, Measurement, Methods, Natural Teeth, Perception, Peroxide, Restorative Materials, Review, Science, Shade Guides, Tooth Bleaching, Tooth Colour, Tooth Whitening, Web of Science, Whitening Agents

? Barbour, M.E. and Rees, J.S. (2004), The laboratory assessment of enamel erosion: A review. Journal of Dentistry, 32 (8), 591-602.

Abstract: Objectives. To review the various methods and techniques available to assess enamel erosion in vitro. Data. Peer reviewed scientific articles. Sources. MEDLINE and Web of Science searches and manual searching. Study selection. Laboratory based assessments only included. Conclusions. A number of macroscopic and microscopic techniques have been used to assess enamel erosion in vitro and in situ. This review examines techniques which are either well established or comparatively novel techniques that are being explored for their potential. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Assessment, Atomic-Force Microscopy, Black-Currant Juice, Bovine Enamel, Citric-Acid, Dental Erosion, Erosion, Erosive Potential, Human Teeth, In-Vitro Demineralization, Light-Induced Fluorescence, Orange Juice, Review, Scanning Electron-Microscopy, Science, Sources, Tooth Surface Loss, Tooth Wear, Web of Science

? Joiner, A. (2006), The bleaching of teeth: A review of the literature. Journal of Dentistry, 34 (7), 412-419.

Abstract: Objectives: To review current knowledge of tooth whitening with respect to external bleaching methods. Data: The scope is the external bleaching of vital teeth and focuses on mechanisms; in vivo and in vitro measurement methods, and factors influencing the efficacy of the whitening process. Sources: “MEDLINE” and “ISI Web of Science” databases from 1966 and 1974, respectively were searched electronically with key words tooth, teeth, colo*r, white*, bleach* and peroxide. Conclusions: The importance of tooth whitening for patients and consumers has seen a dramatic increase in the number of products and procedures over recent years, with a concomitant rise in publications on this topic. Literature suggests that the mechanisms of tooth whitening by peroxide occur by the diffusion of peroxide through enamel to cause oxidation and hence lightening of coloured species, particularly within the dentinal regions. A number of approaches are available for measuring changes in tooth colour. These include visual measurements by trained clinicians and instrumental measurements using spectrophotometry, chromameters and digital image analysis. The key factors that affect tooth whitening efficacy by peroxide containing products are concentration and time. In general, higher concentrations are faster than lower concentrations. However, lower concentrations can approach the efficacy of higher concentrations with extended treatment times. Alternative bleach systems to peroxide have received only minor attention. The efficacy of light activated systems versus non-light activated controls in clinical studies is limited and conflicting. Other factors which can influence tooth bleaching outcome include type of stain, initial tooth colour and subject age.

Keywords: 6-Percent Hydrogen-Peroxide, Aesthetics, Analysis, Attention, Bleaching, Carbamide Peroxide, Clinical-Evaluation, Databases, Diffusion, Efficacy, Enamel, In Vivo, In-Vitro, Intrinsic Discoloration, Knowledge, Light, Literature, Measurement, Mechanism, Outcome, Peroxide, Publications, Pulp Chamber, Review, Sources, Tooth Bleaching, Tooth Color, Tooth Colour, Tooth Whitening, Treatment, Whitening Agents

? Joiner, A. (2007), Review of the effects of peroxide on enamel and dentine properties. Journal of Dentistry, 35 (12), 889-896.

Abstract: Objectives: To review the available literature investigating the effects of peroxide-based products and solutions on enamel and dentine properties. Sources: All original scientific full papers listed in ISI Web of Science and MEDLINE were included in this review using the search terms peroxide AND (enamel OR dentin*) up to the end of 2006. Conclusions: The majority of studies indicate that peroxide containing products and solutions have no significant deleterious effects on enamel and dentine surface morphology and chemistry, surface microhardness, subsurface enamel and dentine microhardness or ultrastructure. In addition, in vitro studies indicate that they have no significant clinically relevant effects on subsequent enamel and dentine loss caused by acidic erosive challenges, toothpaste abrasion or caries lesion formation. The contrasting studies that do show an effect on some of the above properties, in general, have some limitations in the in vitro methods used which do not accurately reflect the in vivo situation or use products/solutions that have a particularly low pH where acidic erosive processes are likely to dominate and explain the observed changes in enamel and dentine. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 10-Percent Carbamide Peroxide, Bleaching, Bovine Enamel, Home Bleaching Agents, Hydrogen-Peroxide, In Vivo, In-Vitro Evaluation, ISI, Literature, Papers, Peroxide, Ph, Review, Scanning Electron-Microscopy, Science, Sources, Subsurface Microhardness, Surface-Morphology, Tensile-Strength, Tooth Colour, Tooth Enamel, Tooth Whitening, Web of Science

? Pascon, F.M., Kantovitz, K.R., Sacramento, P.A., Nobre-Dos-Santos, M. and Puppin-Rontani, R.M. (2009), Effect of sodium hypochlorite on dentine mechanical properties. A review. Journal of Dentistry, 37 (12), 903-908.

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this study was to carry out a review on the effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on the mechanical properties of root dentine. Data/sources: The authors searched the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PUBMED and the Web of Science for papers published from 1984 to 2008. The main search terms used were: dentine, root canal dentine, sodium hypochlorite, mechanical analysis, elastic modulus, hardness, roughness, flexural strength, compressive strength. Study selection: The inclusion criteria were studies that evaluated the effect of NaOCl solution, used as an irrigant in endodontics, on the mechanical properties of root dentine. Those studies that were considered to be unrelated to the question addressed, that had investigated NaOCl as a deproteinizing agent, had not evaluated the effect of NaOCl on the mechanical properties of dentine, and that indirectly verified the effect of NaOCl on endodontically treated teeth were excluded. The selected papers were assigned to a score (A-C), according to predetermined criteria. A total of 16 papers were selected, and nine papers were included in the critical appraisal. Five papers were classified as grade A, 4 as grade B, and no paper was classified as grade C. Conclusions: Based on this review, the authors suggest that there is strong evidence showing that sodium hypochlorite adversely alters the mechanical properties of root dentine, when used as an endodontic irrigant. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid, Analysis, Authors, Biomechanics, Cochrane, Critical Appraisal, Edta, Endodontic Irrigation Solutions, Flexural Strength, Irrigants, Irrigation, Microhardness, Modulus, Papers, Pubmed, Review, Root Canal, Root Dentine, Root-Canal Dentin, Roughness, Science, Sodium Hypochlorite, Substrate, Web of Science

? Joiner, A.J. (2010), Whitening toothpastes: A review of the literature. Journal of Dentistry, 38, E17-E24.

Abstract: Objectives: To review and summarise the whitening agents contained within tooth whitening toothpaste formulations, their mode of action in tooth whitening, and the in vitro and clinical methods used to evaluate and demonstrate their efficacy. Methods: Original scientific full papers or reviews listed in ISI Web of Science and MEDLINE were included in this review using the search terms white*, toothpaste and dentifrice. Conclusions: Due to the reported consumer and patient dissatisfaction with their perceived tooth color, toothpaste manufacturers have responded by developing a vast array of contemporary whitening toothpastes. One of the key functional ingredients in whitening toothpastes is the abrasive system. In general, these have been designed to give effective removal of extrinsic stains and help prevent tooth stains from reforming without undue abrasivity towards the dental hard tissues. Whitening toothpastes may contain additional agents that augment the abrasive cleaning by aiding the removal and/or prevention of extrinsic stains, for examples, peroxide, enzymes, citrate, pyrophosphate and hexametaphosphate, or optical agents such as blue covarine which can improve tooth whiteness following tooth brushing. In vitro methods used to evaluate tooth whitening efficacy typically determine the ability of a toothpaste formulation to remove/prevent model extrinsic stains on substrates such as enamel or hydroxyapatite or changes in the intrinsic color of tooth specimens. Clinical protocols for evaluating the efficacy of whitening toothpastes typically determine either stain removal or prevention, where changes in natural stain or chlorhexidine/tea induced stain are measured typically over 2-6 weeks. In some clinical studies the overall tooth color change was measured using techniques such as Vita shade guides, colorimeters and image analysis of digital photographs of teeth. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Aesthetics, Analysis, Bleaching, Blue Covarine, Calcium Carbonate, Perlite, Cleaning Power, Clinical-Evaluation, Consumer, Dentifrice, Dentifrice, Dentin Abrasion, Efficacy, Extrinsic Tooth Stain, Functional, In Vitro, In-Situ Model, Induced, ISI, Literature, Methods, Model, Papers, Perception, Peroxide, Prevention, Review, Science, Silica Toothpaste, Stain Removal Efficacy, Tooth Whitening, Toothpaste, Web of Science

? Pomarico, L., de Souza, I.P.R., Castro, G.F.B.D., Teles, R.P., Luiz, R.R. and Maia, L.C. (2010), Levels of salivary IgA antibodies to Candida spp. in HIV-infected adult patients: A systematic review. Journal of Dentistry, 38 (1), 10-15.

Abstract: Objective: To perform a systematic review of published data with the aim of evaluating the levels of IgA antibodies to Candida albicans in HIV-infected adult patients. Methods: The search strategy was based on PUBMED, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Cochrane and EMBASE databases. Also, the reference lists of included studies were searched. All abstracts found by electronic searches were independently scrutinized by two reviewers. To be eligible for review, the controlled studies had to present the following characteristics: samples of both HIV-infected adults and noninfected adults; appropriate HIV-diagnostic tests for both patient groups (case and control); IgA-diagnostic test applied to a similar population sample. Results: of 144 studies found, only six met the initial eligibility criteria, but three were excluded after a thorough analysis. To assess the methodological quality of the three remaining studies, they were categorized according the risk of bias. The three selected studies revealed that the levels of C. albicans-specific IgA antibody were higher in HIV-infected individuals compared with the control group. Conclusion: Adequate IgA antibody responses to C. albicans appear to be maintained, since the levels of these antibodies were higher in all studies selected. Although the findings of this systematic review are encouraging, the scientific evidence should be interpreted carefully because there are only a few reports in the literature, mostly because of the lack of important methodological details or the varying methodologies employed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adherence, Adult, Adults, Albicans, Analysis, Antibodies, Antiretroviral Therapy, Bias, Candida, Children, Cochrane, Control, Controlled Studies, Databases, Embase, Epithelial-Cells, Google Scholar, HIV, Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus, Immunoglobulin A Secretory, Immunoglobulin-A, Literature, Methods, Mouth Mucosa, Oral Candidiasis, Oral Candidiasis, Parotid-Saliva, Pubmed, Review, Risk, Science, Secretory Immunoglobulin, Strategy, Systematic, Systematic Review, Web of Science