Personal Research Database

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics31, 241.pdf

Abstract: This bibliometric analysis was examined by the references of the articles on Medicine Chinese Traditional (MCT) searched by the CD-ROM MEDLINE. The 3006 references of the articles on Mc’r which were published between 1974 and 1992 in 343 periodicals were the samples for present study. The results were illustrated in order to identify reasonably a hierarchical ranking of periodicals and to evaluate objectively a distribution of countries where those articles were published and languages in which those articles were written.

Keywords: Analysis, Bibliometric, Bibliometric Analysis, Chinese, Languages, Periodicals, Ranking

? Courtial, J.P. (1994), A coword analysis of scientometrics. Scientometrics, 31 (3), 251-260.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics31, 251.pdf

Abstract: In this paper, we will study the field through the problematic network built by scientific articles, using actor-network theory (and consequently coword analysis) as a model for scientific knowledge (regarded as a social process) growth. Scientometrics is an hybrid field made of invisible college and a lot of users, thus controlled by both scientific research and final uses. Coword analysis gives the same weight to all articles, cited or not, and consequently computes the interaction network within all kind of authors. According to already described network properties of scientific interaction, coword analysis describes the dynamic of the field in accordance with what has been observed, and suggest forecast for the future.

Keywords: Analysis, College, Growth, Interaction, Knowledge, Model, Network, Research, Scientific Research, Scientometrics, Theory

? Leclerc, M. and Gagne, J. (1994), International scientific cooperation: The continentalization of science. Scientometrics, 31 (3), 261-292.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics31, 261.pdf

Abstract: By transforming science into a vast single market for the exchange of research products, the globalization of scientific activity effects the mechanisms by which countries enter into mutual relations. It is no longer sufficient to conduct research jointly, research must also, and perhaps above all, be conducted within the strategic space of the network. In practice, the network takes the form of a cluster of nations and emerges in response to various determining factors or constraints. This does not, however, result in arbitrary criteria of association with the network: the distance from one country or group of countries able to play a regional or continental ‘governance’ role, cultural or linguistic affinities, geographic proximity, the recognition of common interests, the existence of political agreements on cooperation are all grounds for linkage or association. In short, the geography of exchanges is changing before our eyes. This study describes as ‘world-science’ marked by the collectivization of the centre, ‘centrality’ being defined not by a national monopoly, but by the ‘hard core’ of a transnational network, stratified on a continental or subcontinental basis.

Keywords: Association, Collaboration, Community, Cooperation, Criteria, Cultural, Globalization, Linkage, Market, Nations, Network, Practice, Relations, Research, Science

? Prpic, K. (1994), The sociocognitive frameworks of scientific productivity. Scientometrics, 31 (3), 293-311.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics31, 293.pdf

Abstract: Empirical research carried out on a representative sample of 921 scientists from Croatia has shown that scientific fields are important socio-cognitive productivity framework. First, this can be seen in significantly different patterns of the average scientific productivity of researchers in different fields. Second, significant are the differences in the social organization of scientific fields, especially in the fragmentation and organization of the research process, which manifest themselves with a different engagement intensity of the respondents in each stage of the project. Finally, scientific productivity predictors are structured, ranging from significant ones in some fields, to those significant everywhere (qualifications and project roles).

Keywords: Advantage, Croatia, Fields, Framework, Inequality, Performance, Research, Science

Exner, O. and Kunz, M. (1995), Citation histories of related papers in the field of chemical correlation analysis. Scientometrics, 32 (1), 3-10.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 3.pdf

Abstract: Four cases of citation histories of highly cited related papers from the field of chemical correlation analysis indicate that authors have been citing preferably fashionable, but less relevant references.

Keywords: Analysis, Citation, Papers

Notes: UUniversity

Nagpaul, P.S. (1995), Contribution of Indian universities to the mainstream scientific literature: A bibliometric assessment. Scientometrics, 32 (1), 11-36.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 11.pdf

Abstract: This paper examines the contribution of Indian universities to the mainstream scientific literature during 1987-1989 along two distinct, but inter-related dimensions of quantity and quality of research output. The quantity of output is assessed through the number of articles published in journals covered by Science Citation Index, while the quality of output is assessed through the impact factors of journals in which the articles are published. The impact factors are normalized to eliminate the confounding effects of their covariates, viz. the subject field and the nature of journal. A number of relative indicators are constructed for inter-field and inter-institution comparisons, viz. publication effectiveness index, 1 relative quality index, 2 activity index3 and citability index.4 Inter-field comparisons are made at the level of eight macrofields: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth & Space Sciences, Agriculture, Medical Sciences and Engineering & Technology. Inter-institution comparisons cover thirty three institutions which had published at least 150 articles in three years. The structure of correlations of these institutions with eight macrofields is analyzed through correspondence analysis of the matrices of activity and citability profiles. Correspondence analysis yields a mapping of institutions which reveals the structure of science as determined by the cumulative effect of resource allocation decisions taken in the past for different fields and institutions i.e. the effect of national science policy

Keywords: Analysis, Correlations, Correspondence Analysis, Effectiveness, Impact, Impact Factors, Indicators, Institutions, Journal, Journals, Literature, Output, Policy, Publication, Quality, Research, Science, Science Citation Index, Science Policy, Structure, Universities

? Nederhof, A.J. and Meijer, R.F. (1995), Development of bibliometric indicators for utility of research to users in society: Measurement of external knowledge transfer via publications in trade journals. Scientometrics, 32 (1), 37-48.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 37.pdf

Abstract: The development of a set of bibliometric tools to contribute to the assessment and monitoring of utility of university and non-university research institutes to society is described. Trade publications were weighted according to the utility of the journals for relevant nonscientific user groups. Furthermore, one indicator addresses the extent to which a general or a specific type of audience is addressed. Results are shown for one university and one university department. In general, validation interviews show that the indicator provide a good first estimation of the potential effectivity of the knowledge transfer efforts by means of publications in trade journals to practice and policy bodies.

Keywords: Assessment, Bibliometric, Bodies, Development, First, Indicator, Interviews, Journals, Knowledge, Policy, Potential, Practice, Publications, Research, Society, University, Utility, Validation

Notes: UUniversity

Colman, A.M., Dhillon, D. and Coulthard, B. (1995), A bibliometric evaluation of the research performance of British university politics departments: Publications in leading journals. Scientometrics, 32 (1), 49-66.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 49.pdf

Abstract: The research performance of 41 British university politics departments was evaluated through an analysis of articles published between 1987 and 1992 in nine European politics journals with the highest citation impact factors. Annual performance scores were obtained by dividing each department’s number of publications in these journals in each year (departmental productivity) by the corresponding departmental size. These scores were summed to obtain a research performance score for each department over the period of assessment. They correlate significantly with research performance scores from two previous studies using different methodologies: Crewe’s per capita simple publication count for the years 1978 to 1984, and the Universities Funding Council’s research selectivity ratings covering the years 1989 to 1992.

Keywords: American-Psychological-Association, Analysis, Assessment, Citation, Counts, Eminence, Impact Factors, Indicators, Journals, Politics, Publication, Publications, Ratings, Research, Research Performance, Research Productivity, Science Departments, Size, University

? Dizon, L.B. and Sadorra, M.S.M. (1995), Patterns of publication by the staff of an international fisheries research-center. Scientometrics, 32 (1), 67-75.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 67.pdf

Abstract: The scientific productivity, measured as number of publication credits per year, of 105 BS, MS and PhD degree holders at the authors’ institution - a nonprofit international fisheries research organization based in Manila - was studied. All authored and edited items produced by these staff, from 1978 to 1993, presently published or in press were considered, and weights assigned depending on document type, number of pages, and rank of the name in cases of multiple authorship or editorship. The staff’s output of conference papers and technical reports outweighted contributions to the primary (journal) literature. Predictors of productivity were position/salary, education, and age. However, a large unexplained variance remained, suggesting that individual factors largely determine productivity.

Keywords: Authorship, Education, International, Journal, Literature, Papers, Primary, Publication, Research

Simonetti, R., Archibugi, D. and Evangelista, R. (1995), Product and process innovations: How are they defined? How are they quantified? Scientometrics, 32 (1), 77-89.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 77.pdf

Abstract: This paper considers the alternative meanings attributed to the terms product and process innovation, and demonstrates, on the basis of the SPRU database on innovations in Great Britain, how the total number of product and process innovations varies according to the definition adopted. Only 3.1% of the innovations monitored can be univocally labelled as either products or processes, whilst as many as 96.9% of them fall into a grey zone. The authors conclude that these terms, although useful tools of analysis, should be defined more precisely in the studies of the economics of technological change.

Keywords: Alternative, Analysis, Britain, Database, Economics, Empirical-Analysis, Innovation, Sectoral Patterns, Technological Change

? Nicolini, C., Vakula, S., Balla, M.I. and Gandini, E. (1995), Can the assignment of university chairs be automated. Scientometrics, 32 (2), 93-107.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 93.pdf

Abstract: In order to explore the possibility that the assignment of University chairs could be automated, we have carried out a comparative analysis of the relative scientific and technological level of candidates competing nationally for given chairs of first (full professor) and second (associate professor) level, using indicators such as the number of publications and citations in international journals, the number of patents and inventions and few others. This study, contrary to some gloomy opinions, has suggested that at least for what concerns hard science, performances can be measured impartially at least to some extent. Bibliometric indicators, when properly weighted, appear to be effective parameters to monitor degree of excellence in scholastic rating and to establish reliable objective standards. Their utilization, however, to automate the assignment of university chairs appears still questionable and should be limited to the needed provision of computer-assisted selection criteria and reference databank.

Keywords: Analysis, Citations, Criteria, First, Indicators, International, Journals, Opinions, Patents, Publications, Science, Standards, University, Utilization

? Vinkler, P. (1995), Some aspects of the evaluation of scientific and related performances of individuals. Scientometrics, 32 (2), 109-116

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 109.pdf

Keywords: Indicators

Notes: UUniversity

Snizek, W.E. (1995), Some observations on the use of bibliometric indicators in the assignment of university chairs. Scientometrics, 32 (2), 117-120.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 117.pdf

Abstract: In their article, ‘Can the Assignment of University Chairs Be Automated?’, Nicolini, Vakula, Balla, and Gandini describe the results of their initial attempts at using multiple bibliometric indicators in order to eventually automate the assignment of University chairs at the full and associate professor levels. The indicators utilized consist of each candidate’s age, years of scientific activity, number of published articles, citation rate and the quality and type of publishing and citing journals. Data concerning these indicators are obtained from both SCI databases and the curriculum vitae of 76 test-candidates. Although the ranking of candidates is shown to be affected by both subfield differences in citation patterns and the weighting factor assigned to the bibliometric indicators tested, some predictive validity is found between the use bibliometric indicators and the independent peer-review of candidates. While these results are encouraging, the authors readily acknowledge the limitations of their efforts and the need to further refine the use of bibliometric indicators, before their employment in the automated assignment of University chairs. My observations concerning the work of Nicolini et al. will take the following form. First, I wish to comment briefly on what I view to be the philosophy behind the efforts of Nicolini et al. Second, I want to mention several positive and potentially negative procedural issues associated with the proposed use of bibliometric indicators in assessing individual scientific accomplishments. and finally, I would like to comment on what I see as some broader, latent consequences, potentially associated with the use of bibliometric measures in the automated assignment of University chairs.

Keywords: Bibliometric, Bibliometric Indicators, Citation, Citation Patterns, Curriculum, Employment, Indicators, Journals, Peer Review, Peer-Review, Philosophy, Publishing, Quality, Ranking, SCI, Validity, Work

? Balaban, A.T. (1995), Can the assignment of university chairs be automated? Scientometrics, 32 (2), 121-122.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 121.pdf

Notes: MModel

Wagner-Döbler, R. (1995), Were has the cumulative advantage gone? Some observations about the frequency-distribution of scientific productivity, of duration of scientific participation, and of speed of publication. Scientometrics, 32 (2), 123-132.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 123.pdf

Abstract: Frequency distributions of scientific productivity are usually based on cross section cuts of the investigated population of scientists. Therefore, some of the registered scientists are involved for the whole period of time, but there are many fractional authors, too. If one compares only scientists active in a specialty for the same length of time, the typical bibliometric skewness of the distribution vanishes. But also the duration of participation of a cohort of scientists which began their career in the same year is not distributed in a Lotkean manner. Furthermore, the speed of publication - which might be a better statistical indicator of scientific capacities than publication output as such - has more similarity to a normal distribution than to a lognormal one.

Keywords: Bibliometric, Indicator, Population, Publication, Similarity, Specialty

? Klaic, B. (1995), Analysis of the scientific productivity of researchers from the Republic of Croatia for the period 1990-1992. Scientometrics, 32 (2), 133-152.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 133.pdf

Abstract: The scientific production of researchers from the Republic of Croatia, consisting of the published papers with addresses of the institutions from Croatia only, was analyzed for the period 1990-1992, covering 2047 SCI, SSCI, and A&HCI registered papers. The source index of SCI has registered 1912 (92.50% of total number of published articles) papers, SSCI 118 (5,71%), and A&HCI 37 (1.79%) papers, respectively. The papers were published in more than 700 different journals, covering 122 scientific subfields. The most frequently used journals are the national Periodicum Biologorum, Croatica Chemica Acta and Collegium Antropologicum with 236 published papers or 11.5%. The largest number of papers have been published in scientific subfields: Biology (146 papers), Chemistry (107), and Physics of Condensed Matter (102). The average paper was published by 3.57 researchers, but subfields of Nuclear Physics (7.40 authors per paper), Immunology (5.67), and Hematology (5.60) were with the highest authorship. The partial contributions of institutions were also determined, and the most productive were Ruder Boskovic Institute with 645.0, the Faculty of Medicine with 396.7, and the Faculty of Science and Mathematics with 201.7 published papers, respectively. The average quality of the used journals were estimated, Institute of Physics, Ruder Boskovic Institute, and the Faculty of Science and Mathematics published their papers in journals with bigger impact factor (higher quality) than average institutions. Publications were divided by the type of papers, most frequent being articles (1778 publications, 86.85%), notes (117, 5.71%) and letters (56, 2.74%), respectively. Scientific subfield distribution of papers published by the most productive institutions were also analyzed.

Keywords: Authorship, Croatia, Impact Factor, Indicators, Institutions, Journals, Papers, Performance, Publications, Quality, SCI, Science, Scientific Production, SSCI, University

? Mccain, K.W. (1995), The structure of biotechnology research-and-development. Scientometrics, 32 (2), 153-175.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 153.pdf

Abstract: The structure of R & D in biotechnology is analysed using co-classification analysis of joint subject heading assignments in Derwent BIOTECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS and subject profile analysis of 44 highly productive biotechnology-intensive organizations whose patents and publications are indexed therein. A Pathfinder Network Analysis reveals two distinct foci in biotechnology R & D - fermentation and genetic engineering - each linked to relevant products and secondary processes. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis identified 5 major groupings of companies, research institutes, and patent-holding organizations arranged along two dimensions - industrial fermentation processes vs genetic engineering and biomedical vs non-biomedical R & D.

Keywords: Analysis, Biomedical, Biotechnology, Cluster Analysis, Co-Heading Analysis, Fermentation, Genetic, Genetic Engineering, Indicators, Patents, Publications, Representations, Research, Scaling, Science Maps, Structure, Tools

? Heine, M.H. (1995), The characterization of text corpora using an input-output schema for citations. Scientometrics, 32 (2), 177-194.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 177.pdf

Abstract: Univariate measures of concentration (or dispersion) can be applied to the description of the citation patterns within a text corpus, and also the citation links between that corpus and an alternative (possibly contextual) literature. To assist in this, a simple data-flow schema introduced by Lano to assist with the design of software can be used to provide an appropriate data-definitional tool. The schema, as applied here, comprises: (1) a matrix of cells containing 0 or 1 values (in its non-diagonal cells) representing within-corpus citations, with the diagonal cells representing the corpus documents, and (2) two associated vectors of cells which record the total numbers of citations that link the corpus documents with an external-to-corpus literature. An initial data-exploration based on an application of this schema to a trial document corpus is reported. On this basis, several provisional conjectures are put forward to attract further research on data of this type. These conjectures include: (1) Concentration amongst citations to corpus items from within a young corpus is less than it is amongst citations by corpus items to that corpus, (2) A young literature corpus imports significantly more information from its external world than it exports to it, and (3) Information transfer from and into contextual literature dominates within-corpus information transfer. The author emphasises that these are conjectures at this stage, not hypotheses.

Keywords: Alternative, Citation, Citation Patterns, Citations, Information, Literature, Record, Research, Schema

? Buchholz, K. (1995), Criteria for the analysis of scientific quality. Scientometrics, 32 (2), 195-218.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 195.pdf

Abstract: One of the major questions in science research is addressed in detail, that is the problem of evaluation of research work both by objective characterization, accessible to proof, and by adequate characterization, referring to the content and cognitive level of the work under investigation. A short discussion of established methods by science indicators as well as by peer review compiles merits and shortcomings of these methods. A short review refers to a few approaches towards the development of criteria for an improved assessment and characterization of research work and their shortcomings are discussed. Notably for the evaluation of medium or low range quality no reliable method is available. Therefore a systematic compilation of criteria which covers the full range of excellence to failure with respect to scientific quality is developed and a comprehensive list of criteria is presented which should provide a basis both for objective and adequate characterization of publications.

Keywords: Assessment, Characterization, Criteria, Development, Evaluation, Indicators, Investigation, Methods, Peer Review, Peer-Review, Publications, Quality, Research, Research Work, Review, Science, Science Indicators, Science Research, Technology Indicators, Work

? Sampson, Z.J. (1995), 40-years of the physical-review and physical-review letters. Scientometrics, 32 (2), 219-226.

Full Text: 1995\Scientometrics32, 219.pdf

Abstract: This paper measures the increase in the numbers of authors per article in one scientific journal over forty years. The rise in the complexity of science, to which some attribute this growth in multiple authorship, is reflected in the increasing complexity of this simple task over that forty year period. It also discusses the resulting decrease in single authored papers, papers with very large numbers of authors, and predicts future trends.

Keywords: Authorship, Complexity, Growth, Journal, Papers, Science, Trends

? Pudovkin, A.I. and Fuseler, E.A. (1995), Indexes of journal citation relatedness and citation relationships among aquatic biology journals. Scientometrics,