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Title: World Applied Sciences Journal

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ISSN: 1818-4952

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? Mahvi, A., Nouri, J., Omrani, G. and Gholami, F. (2007), Application of Platanus orientalis leaves in removal of cadmium from aqueous solution. World Applied Sciences Journal, 2 (1), 40-44.

Full Text: 2007\Wor App Sci J2, 40.pdf

Abstract: Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution was studied; using platanus orientalis leaves (POL) and their ash in 2006 in Iran. Bach adsorption experiments were performed as a function of solute concentration, contact time, pH and ironic strength for the experiment. The effect of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na and K⁺ on adsorption was then examined. The effect of this adsorbent on COD in aqueous solution showed that 1 g l^-1 of adsorbent caused increase of 110 and 76 mg l^-1 COD in deionized water in 120 min for POL and its ash. The maximum removal took place in the pH range of 7 contact time in 60 minutes and initial concentration of 2 mg l^-1. The cadmium sorption followed both the Longmuir and Freundlich’s equation isotherms. The study showed POL ash was more favorable than living ones as well as in removing cadmium from the aqueous solution. The adsorbent capacity was also studied. The adsorbent capacity and the adsorbent intensity values showed that Platanus orientalis leaves, a non-conventional adsorbent is efficient in removing Cd from aqueous solution. The adsorption data fitted well into Freundlich isotherm.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aqueous, Cadmium, Capacity, Cd, COD, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Iran, Isotherm, Isotherms, pH, Removal, Solute, Sorption, Water

? Mehdi, S., Obaid-ur-rehman, Ranjha, A. and Muhammad, S. (2007), Adsorption capacities and availability of phosphorus in soil solution for rice wheat cropping system. World Applied Sciences Journal, 2 (4), 244-265.

Full Text: 2007\Wor App Sci J2, 244.pdf

Abstract: A study was conducted to measure the phosphorus (P) adsorption capacities in a typic Camborthid (Bhalike series) soil of rice tract of Punjab, Pakistan, to compute the P fertilizer quantities for field application, internal and external P requirements of wheat, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) fodder and rice, P fertility build-up factor (PFBF) and level of P build-up. The soil selection was based on clay percentage and calcium carbonate content. The soil was free from salinity and sodicity, deficient in organic matter and adequate in available potassium. Sorption isotherm was constructed in the laboratory by equilibrating and shaking 2.5 g soil with 25 ml of 10 m M CaCl₂ containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60 and 80 g P ml^-1 as KH₂PO₄ for 24 h. Sorption data was fitted into linear form of Langmuir and modified Freundlich models and P adsorption capacity was determined from the equations. Theoretical doses were computed from modified Freundlich model for field application. Different theoretical P levels were applied in the field to develop soil solution P level of 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50 mg l^-1 along with a control of native P soil solution. An overall control (NK=0 with native P) was also kept. The recommended doses of N and K were applied to all the crops along with the recommended agronomic practices. P was also applied at 13.65 and 19.65 mg P kg^-1 to subsequent sorghum fodder and rice crops, respectively. Plant sampling was performed at booting stage of wheat and rice and at the harvest of each crop. The maximum P adsorption was 555 g g^-1 with buffering capacity of 116.55 g g^-1 soil. The highest wheat grain yield was 4.24 Mg ha^-1; sorghum fresh fodder yield was 48.95 Mg ha^-1 and rice paddy yield was 4.38 Mg ha^-1. Total P uptake by wheat was 19.91 kg ha^-1, by sorghum fodder was 34.67 kg ha^-1 and by rice was 20.49 kg ha^-1. The mean PFBF (mg P required to build 1 mg P kg^-1 soil) was 18.51 and the level of P build-up (mg P kg^-1 built-up in soil for each mg P kg^-1 soil applied) was 0.054. Level of P depletion was 0.154 mg P kg^-1 for NPK control plots while 0.173 mg P kg^-1 for P control plots. Internal P requirement (for 95% relative yield) for wheat was 0.249% at booting stage and 0.277% for grain stage. For sorghum fodder, internal P requirement was 0.326% and for rice, it was 0.165% at booting stage and 0.220% for paddy stage. So, plant sampling at booting stage best correlated the results with 95% relative yield of rice and wheat. External Olsen P requirement for wheat was 13.80 mg kg^-1, for sorghum fodder was 12.68 mg kg^-1 and for rice was 10.05 mg kg^-1. External solution P requirement for wheat was 0.252 mg l^-1.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Capacity, Clay, Freundlich, Isotherm, Langmuir, Mg, Models, Phosphorus, Sorption, Sorption Isotherm, System

? AjayKumar, A.V., Darwish, N.A. and Hilal, N. (2008), Study of various parameters in the biosorption of heavy metals on activated sludge. World Applied Sciences Journal, 5 (5S), 32-40.

Full Text: 2008\Wor App Sci J5, 32.pdf

Abstract: Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. Billions of gallons of wastewaters containing oils and particulates are produced each year by metallurgical plants, ships, petroleum and gas operations, industrial washing operations and other processes. Unfortunately, water systems have long tended to be one of the neglected areas of the process plant. However, this situation is changing rapidly as environmental legislation tightens. An investigation has been undertaken to determine the removal of heavy metals (Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺) of high environmental priority due to their toxicity, from dilute aqueous solutions studied in the present work by biosorption using inexpensive biomaterials like activated sludge. Activated sludge is used widely in water treatment plants and is easily available. To understand the action of bio metals uptake, the essential role played by extra cellular polymeric substance (EPS) needs to be understood. Factors influencing the biosorption of the heavy metals are cleaning of the sludge, pH, initial metal ion concentration, weight of the adsorbent, mixing index, time and temperature. The adsorption parameters were determined using both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and showed a better fitting of experimental data. The maximum sorption uptake of the studied metal ions by activated sludge showed the following order Cd²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Ni²⁺ > Zn²⁺.

Keywords: Activated Sludge, Adsorption, Aqueous, Biosorption, Biosorption of Heavy Metals, Cu²⁺, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metals, Isotherm, Langmuir, Metal, Metal Ions, Metals, Models, Ni²⁺, pH, Removal, Sludge, Solutions, Sorption, Temperature, Treatment, Water, Water Treatment, Zn²⁺

? Alzaydien, A. (2009), Orange peels as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from wastewater: Equilibrium and kinetic studies. World Applied Sciences Journal, 6 (3), 309-322.

Full Text: 2009\Wor App Sci J6, 309.pdf

Abstract: In this study, the potential of low-cost agricultural byproducts, namely, orange peel in the removal of lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. Adsorption of lead(II) ions onto a powder prepared from orange peel was investigated with the variation in the parameters of pH, contact time, the amount of adsorbent and lead(II) ions concentration at ambient temperature. Four kinetic models are the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion equations, were selected to interpret the adsorption data. Kinetic parameters such as the rate constants, equilibrium adsorption capacities and related correlation coefficients, for each kinetic model were calculated and discussed. The linear Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to describe equilibrium isotherms and both models fitted well. The monolayer adsorption capacity was found as 21.1 mg g^-1 at pH 6 and 20C. The dimensionless separation factor (R L) has shown that orange peel can be used for removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. The negative free energy of adsorption indicated that the adsorption of lead(II) ions onto orange peel was feasible and spontaneous. The sorption capacity of the orange peel is comparable to the other available adsorbents and it is quite cheaper.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Aqueous, Capacity, Diffusion, Elovich, Equilibrium, Freundlich, Intraparticle Diffusion, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Models, Kinetic Parameters, Langmuir, Models, Orange Peel, Pb(Ii), Ph, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Removal, Separation Factor, Solutions, Sorption, Temperature, Wastewater

? Shakeri, A., Moore, F. and Modabberi, S. (2009), Heavy metal contamination and distribution in the Shiraz industrial complex zone soil, South Shiraz, Iran. World Applied Sciences Journal, 6 (3), 413-425.

Full Text: 2009\Wor App Sci J6, 413.pdf

Abstract: Concentrations of heavy metals (As, Co, Cu, Ni, Mo Pb and Zn) are studied in the soil of Shiraz industrial complex zone, south Shiraz, Iran to assess metal contamination due to industrialization, urbanization and agricultural activity. Soil samples were collected from three different depths. The A and C depths are enriched with metals such as Ni, As, Mo, Cu, Pb, and Zn, compared with the B depth. The average abundance order of heavy metal contents in soil depth are: Ni > Zn > Cu > Co > Pb > As > Mo. Soil contamination is assessed on the basis of contamination factor (CF) and modified degree of contamination (mCd). The CF and mCd base of background values in the three sampled depths for Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Mo and As are moderate. Pb reveals considerable contamination. The results of enrichment factor (EF) show that using Sc concentration in the average shale produces higher average EF values for Ni, Co and Mo as compared to average values determined using the actual Sc content in lower core baseline values (background). The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) show Zn, Co, Ni, Sc, Cu, Al and Fe come from a similar source and are not influenced by anthropogenic sources. High loading of Zn, Co, Cu, and Ni with clay, Al and Fe indicate the active role played by Al and Fe hydroxides and clay content on distribution and sorption of the studied heavy metals in soil. Also, PCA results indicate that As, Mo and Pb behave differently at different depths.

Keywords: Clay, Complex, Core, Cu, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metals, Industrialization, Iran, Metal, Metals, Pb, Soil, Soil Contamination, Sorption

? Esmaeili, A. and Ghasemi, S. (2009), Evaluation of the activated carbon prepared of algae marine Gracilaria for the biosorption of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. World Applied Sciences Journal, 6 (4), 515-518.

Full Text: 2009\Wor App Sci J6, 515.pdf

Abstract: Biosorption of heavy metals can be an effective process for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. In this study, the batch removal of nickel(II) ions from aqueous solution under different experimental conditions using activated carbon prepared of red alga Gracilaria was investigated in this study. The nickel(II) uptake was dependent on initial pH and initial nickel concentration, with pH 5 being the optimum value. The equilibrium data were fitted using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model, with the maximum nickel(II) uptake of 99.03% determined at a pH of 5. At various initial nickel(II) concentrations (30-70 mg/L), If the adsorption is design correctly, it will be attractive. Sorption equilibrium was attained between 15 and 120 min. The nickel(II) uptake by activated carbon was best described by Pseudo-second order rate model. This study, shows the usage of activated carbon as a valuable material for the removal of Ni from aqueous solution wastewater and a better substitute to be used in activated marine red algae.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Aqueous, Biosorption, Carbon, Equilibrium, Evaluation, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metals, Isotherm, Langmuir, Metal, Metal Ions, Metals, Nickel, pH, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second Order, Recovery, Removal, Solutions, Sorption, Wastewater

? Moghaddam, A., Najafpour, G., Mohammadi, M. and Heydarzadeh, H. (2009), Removal of methylene blue from waste stream by fly ash-clay-sand adsorbent. World Applied Sciences Journal, 6 (8), 1073-1077.

Full Text: 2009\Wor App Sci J6, 1073.pdf

Abstract: Methylene Blue (MB) adsorption from aqueous solution was investigated. Solid adsorbents were fabricated from charcoal fly ash, clay and fine sand with the proportion of 50, 25 and 25 percent, respectively. Experiments were conducted in a packed column to remove MB from the synthetic wastewater. The generated wastewater contained 4 mg/l of MB. The wastewater with flow rates of 18, 35 and 50 ml/min was continuously pumped through the column. The effluent samples were collected at a time interval of 2 min. It was observed that the amount of adsorption was enhanced as the flow rates were gradually decreased. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models of adsorption were investigated to interpret the experimental data. The obtained results revealed that the sorption data were well projected by the Freundlich model Adsorption model represented by Langmuir isotherm also depicts similar results. Maximum adsorption of 3.88 mg/g at the contact time of 8.8 min was obtained.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Model, Aqueous, Clay, Fly Ash, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Isotherm, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Methylene Blue, Models, Removal, Sorption, Wastewater

? Arugay, A. and Caparanga, A. (2009), Reusability of Sargassum cristaefolium in sorption-desorption of Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ in batch and fixed-bed systems. World Applied Sciences Journal, 6 (10), 1326-1334.

Full Text: 2009\Wor App Sci J6, 1326.pdf

Abstract: As alternative method to the usual chemical precipitation method for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater, biosorption is considered effective if the biomass can be subjected to repeated sorption-desorption processes. This study had evaluated the reusability of Sargassum cristaefolium biomass in repeated sorption-desorption of a multi-metal system containing Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ in batch-contact process and fixed-bed column contractor. Results suggest that the biomass can be regenerated and reused for multiple sorption-desorption cycle; however, the multiple sorption-desorption cycle had resulted in a low concentration ratio for Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺. The use of fixed-bed column contractor can offer an advantage over batch-contact because it can achieve better separation and higher concentration ratio over several consecutive sorption-desorption cycles.

Keywords: Biomass, Biosorption, Cu²⁺, Fixed Bed Column, Fixed-Bed, Heavy Metal, Metal, Metal Ions, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, Sargassum, System, Wastewater

? Sara, K., Jamil, A., Mukhtar-ul-Hassan, F., Hafza, B.F. and Hafiza, N.K. (2009), Removal of chromium(VI) by biosorption of Eucalyptus Bark. World Applied Sciences Journal, 6 (12), 1638-1643.

Full Text: 2009\Wor App Sci J6, 1638.pdf

Abstract: Adsorption of Chromium(VI) on the Eucalyptus Bark has been studied with the variation in parameters. Different parameters like particle size of adsorbent, concentration of adsorbate, amount of adsorbent, stirring speed, time, temperature and pH were studied. The adsorption has been carried out in batch process. The adsorption capacity increases with decreasing the particle size of adsorbent. The optimum conditions for the maximum adsorption are attained with 2.0 g of adsorbent, 40 ppm metal ion concentration, at room temperature (10C), with 90 min contact time, with 300 rpm agitation speed and at pH 2.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Biosorption, Capacity, Chromium, Metal, pH, Removal, Temperature

? Malarvizhi, R., Wang, M.H. and Ho, Y.S. (2010), Research trends in adsorption technologies for dye containing wastewaters. World Applied Sciences Journal, 8 (8), 930-942.

Full Text: 2010\Wor App Sci J-Ho.pdf; 2010\Wor App Sci J8, 930.pdf

Abstract: The main object of this study is to investigate the research trend in removal of dyes from waste water by using adsorption technology for the past 16 years. Data are based on the online version of Science Citation Index (SCI), Web of Science from 1993 to 2008 that covers all the articles published for the past 16 years in SCI journals. Articles referring to dye adsorption were assessed by many aspects including model fitting the trend of publication outputs during 1993-2008, distribution of author keywords and keyword plus analysis. Distribution of articles based on subject categories and journals along with the country wise publications were also studied. From the analysis of words appeared in the title and keywords, it can be concluded that “activated carbon,” “biosorption,” “kinetics,” “Methylene blue,” and “isotherms” could be more popular words and the new words like “photocatalytic degradation,” “photocatalysis,” “titanium dioxide,” and “oxidation” appeared to be the new advanced techniques that are going to be adopted more in future studies. This method of bibliometric analysis can help the relevant researchers to realize the panorama of globalized way of dye removal from wastewater and establish the further research direction.

Keywords: Adsorption, Dyes, Activated Carbon, Biosorption, Isotherm, Kinetics, Scientometrics