Personal Research Database

Title: Water Research

ISO Abbreviated Title: Water Res.

JCR Abbreviated Title: Water Res

ISSN: 0043-1354

Issues/Year: 13

Journal Country/Territory: England

Language: Multi-Language

Publisher: Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd

Publisher Address: The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, England

Subject Categories:

Engineering, Civil: Impact Factor 1.512, 1/58 (1997); Impact Factor 1.616, 1/63 (1998)

Engineering, Environmental: Impact Factor 1.748, 3/36 (1999); Impact Factor 1.258, 3/36 (2000); Impact Factor 1.376, 5/38 (2001); Impact Factor 1.611, 3/37 (2002); Impact Factor 1.812, 4/35 (2003); Impact Factor 2.304, 3/35 (2004); Impact Factor 3.019, 3/37 (2005); Impact Factor 2.459, 4/35 (2006); Impact Factor 3.427, 3/37 (2007); Impact Factor 4.355, 3/42 (2009); Impact Factor 4.546, 4/45 (2010)

Environmental Sciences: Impact Factor 1.512, 20/117 (1997); Impact Factor 1.616, 17/126 (1998); Impact Factor 1.748, 17/126 (1999); Impact Factor 1.258, 30/127 (2000); Impact Factor 1.376, 31/129 (2001); Impact Factor 1.611, 24/132 (2002); Impact Factor 1.812, 23/131 (2003); Impact Factor 2.304, 14/134 (2004); Impact Factor 3.019, 8/140 (2005); Impact Factor 2.459, 25/144 (2006); Impact Factor 3.427, 12/160 (2007); Impact Factor 4.355, 8/180 (2009); Impact Factor 4.546, 11/193 (2010)

Water Resources: Impact Factor 1.512, 2/44 (1997); Impact Factor 1.616, 3/46 (1998); Impact Factor 1.748, 2/46 (1999); Impact Factor 1.258, 2/47 (2000); Impact Factor 1.376, 2/50 (2001); Impact Factor 1.611, 3/53 (2002); Impact Factor 1.812, 1/55 (2003); Impact Factor 2.304, 1/55 (2004); Impact Factor 3.019, 1/57 (2005); Impact Factor 2.459, 1/57 (2006); Impact Factor 3.427, 1/59 (2007); Impact Factor 3.427, 3/37 (2007); Impact Factor 4.355, 1/66 (2009); Impact Factor 4.546, 1/76 (2010)

? Mount, D.I. and Brungs, W.A. (1967), A simplified dosing apparatus for fish toxicology studies. Water Research, 1 (1), 21-22.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Res1, 21.pdf

Abstract: A simplified diluter for maintaining a series of constant concentrations of a material in flowing water is described. It depends on water flows, metering cells, and venturi tubes to proportion volumes of water and toxicant to give desired concentrations. Construction requires less than 2 days, and only readily available materials are needed. An injector for mixing pesticides in water is also described.

Nozaki, M. and Hatotani, H. (1967), Treatment of tetraethyl lead manufacturing wastes. Water Research, 1 (2), 167-177.

Full Text: W\Wat Res1, 167.pdf

Abstract: A study was carried out in an effort to find an effective means of treating tetraethyl lead manufacturing process waste waters. The conventional method of coagulation was effective for the removal of inorganic lead compounds in the tetraethyl lead process streams whereas the organic lead compounds present in the waste waters were not amenable to coagulation. Of the various waste waters arising from the tetraethyl lead manufacturing process, those waste waters which are rich in organic lead compounds were passed through a macroreticular sulfonate type strongly acidic cation exchange resin and the exhausted resin was eluted by caustic soda to give eluate containing high concentrations of organic lead compounds. The ion exchange resin was used repeatedly in this way. The organic lead thus concentrated was converted to inorganic lead by the addition of chlorine gas. When the eluate thus enriched in inorganic lead is added to the process streams carrying chiefly inorganic lead and coagulation is carried out, an almost complete elimination of lead in the tetraethyl lead process discharges will be obtained.

Brouzes, P. (1968), Control of the respiratory metabolism of activated sludge and the automatic working of purification plants based on this measurement. Water Research, 2 (1), 58-61.

Full Text: W\Wat Res2, 58.pdf

Häusler, J. (1968), The importance and application of the natural succession of microbial processes during the anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds in waste waters. Water Research, 2 (1), 61-63.

Full Text: W\Wat Res2, 61.pdf

? Brown, V.M. (1968), The calculation of the acute toxicity of mixtures of poisons to rainbow trout. Water Research, 2 (10), 723-733.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Res2, 723.pdf

Abstract: The estimation of the acute toxicity to trout of mixtures of the common industrial pollutants ammonia, phenol, zinc, copper, cadmium, lead, nickel, and hydrogen cyanide is described. This is done from a knowledge of the concentrations of these poisons and of the temperature, pH value, total hardness, bicarbonate alkalinity, total dissolved solids concentration, and dissolved-oxygen concentration of the dilution water. The toxicity of the mixture is taken to be the sum of the proportions of the acutely toxic concentration of each poison.

The assumptions made in the use of this method are discussed along with its limitations, and the fact that in critical areas of study, such estimates can never be substitutes for the actual determination of the toxicity of a water by the use of fish is stressed.

? Lloyd, R. and Orr, L.D. (1969), The diuretic response by rainbow trout to sub-lethal concentrations of ammonia. Water Research, 3 (5), 335-344.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Res3, 335.pdf

Abstract: The rate of urine excretion by rainbow trout increases with a rise in the concentration of ambient un-ionized ammonia. It is suggested that this diuresis is caused by an increase in the permeability of the fish to water. Quantitative measurements of urine excretion rates indicate that concentrations of un-ionized ammonia below 12 per cent of the lethal threshold concentration may be without toxic effect. Increases in temperature produce no well defined trend in urine excretion rates with a given concentration of un-ionized ammonia, but normal excretion rates have a Q10 of 2·4. Some evidence is presented for acclimation of rainbow trout to sub-lethal levels of ammonia. It is suggested that any environmental factor which affects the water balance of fish may also influence their susceptibility to ammonia poisoning.

Ganczarczyk, J. (1970), Variation in the activated sludge volume index. Water Research, 4 (1), 69-77.

Full Text: W\Wat Res4, 69.pdf

Abstract: From the operational experience of the full-scale activated sludge treatment of the effluent from the unbleached Kraft pulp production in the Ostrołęka Mill, it was observed that substantial decreases in sludge volume index take place due to the extended storage of the activated sludge in the secondary clarifiers. Moreover, was found that in the studied range of wastewater pH and alkalinity the sludge loadings are the main factor determining the sludge volume index in the aeration tanks. Both decreases and increases of the sludge loading causes increases of the sludge volume index. The optimal sludge load values for the minimal sludge volume index are between 0·3–0·5 g BOD/g of sludge per day.

During the mixed liquor piston-type flow in the aeration tanks, at low average sludge loadings, there were also observed increases of the sludge index value and then partial decreases. At higher average sludge loadings the sludge index values after initial minimal decreases showed a tendency to increase.

? Harwood, J.E. and Kühn, A.L. (1970), A colorimetric method for ammonia in natural waters. Water Research, 4 (12), 805-811.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Res4, 805.pdf

Abstract: An improved phenol-hypochlorite method for determining ammonia in water using nitroprusside as catalyst has been investigated. Unlike other recently published methods, the method is simple (and sufficiently sensitive for low-level analyses) and does not require accurate time intervals between reagents, not expensive equipment. The method is well suited for routine use.

Beer’s Law was obeyed over the whole ammonia range investigated. Reproducibility was 1·3 per cent with 10 μg N, and 5·7 per cent with 1 μg N.

Nilsson, R. (1971), Removal of metals by chemical treatment of municipal waste water. Water Research, 5 (2), 51-60.

Full Text: W\Wat Res5, 51.pdf

Abstract: The reduction of the metal content of waste water by chemical treatment with aluminium sulfate or calcium hydroxide has been studied. p] Pb(II), Cu(II), Cr(III), Hg(II), Cd(II) and As(V) are reduced to low levels by both precipitants. Zn(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) are precipitated only at pH-values  9.5. The precipitation of Cu(II) and Pb(II) is greatly inhibited by the presence of nitrilotriacetate at pH  9.

? Weddle, C.L. and Jenkins, D. (1971), The viability and activity of activated sludge. Water Research, 5 (8), 621-640.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Res5, 621.pdf

? Skidmore, J.F. and Tovell, P.W.A. (1972), Toxic effects of zinc sulphate on the gills of rainbow trout. Water Research, 6 (3), 217-228.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Res6, 217.pdf

Abstract: The initial changes that occur in the gill tissue of rainbow trout exposed to 40 ppm Zn²⁺ are typical of an acute inflammatory reaction. The epithelium covering the secondary lamellae lifts away in a continuous sheet from the pillar cell system, thus increasing the diffusion distance from water to blood. Blood flow patterns through the lamellae change, granulocytes appear in large numbers within the lamellar blood spaces and beneath the raised epithelium. Finally the lamellar blood circulation stagnates, terminating in respiratory collapse and death of the animal. The dynamics of blood flow during the progressive stages of gill damage are discussed.

Ferguson, J.F. and Garvis, J.A. (1972), A review of the arsenic cycle in natural waters. Water Research, 6 (11), 1259-1274.

Full Text: W\Wat Res6, 125.pdf

Abstract: A review of the occurrence and cycling of arsenic in fresh waters is presented. The fate of arsenic in natural waters has received little attention in past years, in spite of the fact that arsenic is toxic and probably carcinogenic through exposure by drinking water.

The chemistry of arsenic in aqueous systems is reviewed. Thermodynamic information is summarized in an Eh pH diagram for a system including sulfur. Mechanisms for removal of arsenic from the solution phase to the sediments are discussed. The possible microbially-mediated reactions of arsenic, including oxidation of arsenite, methylation of arsenic species, and reduction of arsenate, are discussed with reference to the locale of the reaction in the water column or in the sediments and to the toxicological significance of the reaction products and the rates of reaction.

A cycle of reactions for arsenic in a stratified lake is proposed and evidence is summarized relating to the occurrence and importance of particular reactions.

The potential pollutional hazard of arsenic is from ingestion of drinking water with high concentrations of arsenic, rather than consuming arsenic containing aquatic organisms. Although arsenic is greatly concentrated in aquatic organisms, it is evidently not progressively concentrated along a food chain. In addition, arsenic when consumed as an organically-bound species in flesh evidently has low toxicity.

The global cycle of arsenic is discussed. While volcanic activity is the original source of much of the arsenic in sedimentary rocks, in recent times weathering of arsenic has been approximately in balance with deposition of arsenic in sediments. Human activities, including the use of arsenic, the burning of fossil fuels, increased erosion of land and the mining and processing of sulfide minerals, have increased the amount of arsenic entering the oceans by at least a factor of 3. This increase will have no effect on the concentration in the oceans for many hundreds of years.

However, these cultural contributions are the source of high localized concentrations in many fresh waters. Careful surveillance and increased knowledge of the fate or arsenic in the aquatic environment are needed to insure that there will be no public health hazard.

Tóth, L. (1972), Reeds control eutrophication of Blaton lake. Water Research, 6 (12), 1533-1539.

Full Text: W\Wat Res6, 1533.pdf

? Chudoba, J., Grau, P. and Ottová, V. (1973), Control of activated-sludge filamentous bulking. II. Selection of microorganisms by means of a selector. Water Research, 7 (10), 1389-1398.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Res7, 1389.pdf

Abstract: The kinetic theory of species selection in mixed cultures is presented and verified under laboratory conditions. The theory is based on the Monod equation presuming different growth constants μ and k, for different species and, consequently, their different specific growth rates relationships to substrate concentration. Suppression of filamentous microorganisms in mixed cultures can be achieved by a selector. The selector forms the initial part of a biological reactor and is characterized by a low value of the dispersion number, desirably below 0·2, and by an adequate substrate concentration gradient. A definite relationship does exist between the SVI and the dispersion number or the CODmax in the reactor. If the selector is used, the dispersion number for the selector only should be considered for the SVI prediction. It was repeatedly demonstrated that changing the factors indicated by the selection kinetic theory brings mixed culture to filamentous bulking and back. The time necessary to suppress the filamentous bulking depends on the initial culture composition and the substrate concentration gradient in the selector. In general, propagation of filaments proceeds faster than their suppression. It is emphasized that the kinetic theory of selection does not cover the whole phenomenon of population dynamics in mixed cultures.

Gardiner, J. (1974), The chemistry of cadmium in natural water. II. The adsorption of cadmium on river muds and naturally occurring solids. Water Research, 8 (3), 157-164.

Full Text: W\Wat Res8, 157.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of cadmium on mud solids and particles of clay, silica, humic material and other naturally occurring solids has been studied. Radiochemical methods were employed so that cadmium concentrations in the g l^-1 range could be used. The variation of the extent of adsorption with many of the large number of factors involved was investigated, concentration factors (distribution coefficients) were determined, and in the course of the work, loss of cadmium by adsorption on container surfaces and filters was investigated.

Rates of adsorption and desorption were shown to be rapid. Concentration factors for river muds varied between 5000 and 50,000 and depended mainly on the type of solid, its state of subdivision, the concentration of metal ion present, the time of contact and the concentration of complexing ligands. Humic material appeared to be the main component of river mud responsible for adsorption. Adsorption and desorption processes are likely to be major factors in controlling the concentration of cadmium in natural waters and will tend to counteract changes in the concentration of the metal ion in solution.

? Eikelboom, D.H. (1975), Filamentous organisms observed in activated sludge. Water Research, 9 (4), 365-388.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Res9, 365.pdf

Abstract: Approximately 1100 activated sludge samples, mostly derived from purification plants with bulking sludge, have been investigated for the presence of filamentous organisms. Twenty-six types were distinguished which are preliminary classified into seven groups.

The sheath-forming Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria are classified into Groups I and II, respectively. The organisms morphologically resembling some types of Cyanophyceae are included in Group III. The bacteria of Group IV are characterized by their tiny, curled filaments. The short, straight, multicellular bacteria are classified into Group V, whilst the organisms of Group VI are motile by a gliding activity. Finally, a number of additional types are collected in Group VII.

Grau, P., Dohányos, M. and Chudoba, J. (1974), Kinetics of multicomponent substrate removal by activated sludge. Water Research, 9 (7), 637-642.

Full Text: W\Wat Res9, 637.pdf

Abstract: A kinetic model for multicomponent substrate removal by activated sludge has been presented. The model is based on the linear removal concept which is a special case of the broader Monod equation. Both the simultaneous and sequential removals have been considered in the kinetic model. It maintains the ‘order of reaction’ analogical to chemical reaction kinetics, which in this case simulates random and gradual diminuation of individual components with time, and is not limited to the integers only. The model has been verified experimentally and it has been found that the variation coefficients of the substrate removal kinetics constants were 3–5 times lower than those of the chemical reaction kinetics constants, calculated from the same data.

Gujer, W. and Jenkins, D. (1975), The contact stabilization activated sludge process: Oxygen utilization, sludge production and efficiency. Water Research, 9 (5-6), 553-560.

Full Text: W\Wat Res9, 553.pdf

Abstract: A kinetic model of the contact stabilization process has been developed and experimentally verified with the aid of bench-scale activated sludge units treating domestic sewage. The model provides information on the relationship between the design parameters (process loading, temperature, residence time distribution) and process performance (sludge, production, oxygen uptake, COD-removal, organic nitrogen conversion, nitrification and effluent suspended solids). An oxygen equivalence mass balance equation, which is applicable to all activated sludge process modifications is proposed and may be used in the design and operation of these processes.

Bell, B.A. and Molof, A.H. (1975), A new model of granular activated carbon adsorption kinetics. Water Research, 9 (10), 857-860.

Full Text: W\Wat Res9, 857.pdf

? Hoigné, J. and Bader, H. (1976), The role of hydroxyl radical reactions in ozonation processes in aqueous solutions. Water Research, 10 (5), 377-386.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Res10, 377.pdf

Abstract: Hydroxyl radicals are formed upon the hydroxide-ion catalyzed decomposition of ozone in water as is shown by the relative rates with which organic substrates compete with each other for consuming the oxidative intermediates. The yield of the decarboxylation of 14C-labelled benzoic acid indicates that up to 0.55 ± 0.08 mol of hydroxyl radicals may be produced from 1 mol ozone at pH 10.5. Published data on hydroxyl radical-reactions can now be applied to describe oxidations initiated by ozonation. Parameters influencing the prior ozone decomposition and protective effects of radical scavengers, such as carbonates, have to be accounted for when optimizing the processes. The solutes present in water influence appreciably the rate of the chain reaction leading to the decomposition of ozone.

Poots, V.J.P., McKay, G. and Healy, J.J. (1976), The removal of acid dye from effluent using natural adsorbents: I. Peat. Water Research, 10 (12), 1061-1066.

Full Text: W\Wat Res10, 1061.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of Telon Blue (Acid Blue 25) on peat has been investigated. Adsorption parameters for the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined and the effects of contact time, initial dye concentration and peat particle size were studied. A series of fixed bed experiments were performed and the results compared with existing design models for adsorption columns.

Poots, V.J.P., McKay, G. and Healy, J.J. (1976), The removal of acid dye from effluent, using natural adsorbents II. Wood. Water Research, 10 (12), 1067-1070.

Full Text: W\Wat Res10, 1067.pdf

Abstract: The ability of wood to adsorb Telon Blue (Acid Blue 25) has been investigated. The effects of contact time, particle size and adsorption capacity have been studied. In addition a series of fixed bed experiments were performed to study the flow system in an attempt to simulate industrial conditions on a small scale.

Notes: highly cited

Coupal, B. and Lalancette, J.M. (1976), The treatment of wastewaters with peat moss. Water Research, 10 (12), 1071-1076.

Full Text: W\Wat Res10, 1071.pdf

Abstract: Waste waters containing heavy metals such as Hg, Cd, Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, Cr⁶⁺, Cr³⁺, Ag, Pb, Sb or cyanide, phosphates and organic matters such as oil, detergents and dyes can be treated efficiently after a crude settling by contacting with peat moss. Chromium, as Cr⁶⁺, can be eliminated in our step from a starting solution of low turbidity to give effluent containing less than 10 ppb of Cr⁶⁺ and less than 40 ppb of Cr³⁺. The characteristics and performances of a contacting machine of 20,000 gal/day capacity for the treatment of industrial waste waters are reported.

Hung, C.P. and Wu, M.H. (1977), The removal of chromium(VI) from dilute aqueous solution by activated carbon. Water Research, 11 (8), 673-679.

Full Text: W\Wat Res11, 673.pdf

Abstract: The removal of chromium(VI) by activated carbon, filtrasorb 400, is brought by two major interfacial reactions: adsorption and reduction. Chemical factors such as pH and total Cr(VI) that affect the magnitude of Cr(VI) adsorption were investigated. The adsorption of Cr(VI) exhibits a peak value at pH 5–6. The particle size of carbon and the presence of cyanide species do not change the magnitude of chromium removal. The reduced Cr(VI), e.g. Cr(III) is less adsorbable than Cr(VI).

The free energy of specific chemical interaction, G^chem was computed by the Gouy-Chapman-Stern-Grahame model. The average values of G^chem are -5.57 RT and -5.81RT, respectively, for Cr(VI) and CN. These values are significant enough to influence the overall magnitude of Cr(VI) and CN adsorption. Results also indicate that HCrO^-₄ and Cr₂O^2-₇ are the major Cr(VI) species involved in surface association.

? Florence, T.M. (1977), Trace metal species in fresh waters. Water Research, 11 (8), 681-687.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Res11, 681.pdf

Abstract: A recently proposed trace metal speciation scheme was applied to the determination of the chemical forms of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in four natural fresh waters and a tap water. Studies were also made on the reliability of the technique, and of the effect of various methods of storage on the speciation results. The measurements showed that (a) copper in the river and reservoir samples was associated mainly with organic matter, probably organic colloids; (b) lead was divided between stable inorganic and organic forms, but one particular inorganic lead species predominated; (c) cadmium existed almost entirely as labile ionic forms; (d) zinc was divided between labile ionic species and a stable inorganic form; very little zinc was associated with organic colloids, and (e) the trace metals were not combined with inorganic colloids. Samples stored in polyethylene containers for over three weeks at 25°C or 4°C showed little change in either total metal concentration or metal speciation. Freezing, however, caused some irreversible changes.

Martin, R.J. and Al-Bahrani, K.S. (1977), Adsorption studies using gas-liquid chromatography. II. Competitive adsorption. Water Research, 11 (11), 991-999.

Full Text: W\Wat Res11, 991.pdf

Abstract: Gas-liquid chromatography with a flame ionization detector system using the direct injection of aqueous solutions was used to monitor the adsorption of selected organic compounds dissolved in water onto activated carbon. The effects of competitive adsorption in batch (agitated flask) and column (flow through packed bed) systems were investigated. The effects became more pronounced with increase in the number of solutes in solution. This emphasises the importance of the competitive adsorption effect on the performance of an activated carbon unit in water or wastewater treatment.

? Verdouw, H., Van Echteld, C.J.A. and Dekkers, E.M.J. (1978), Ammonia determination based on indophenol formation with sodium salicylate. Water Research,