Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2003\Wat Res37, 1976.pdf

Abstract: A pilot plant for ozonation and UV-disinfection received effluent from a German municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) to test the removal of pharmaceuticals, iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) and musk fragrances from municipal wastewater. In the original STP effluent, 5 antibiotics (0.344.63 mug l(-1)), 5 betablockers (0.18-1.7 mug l(-1)), 4 antiphlogistics (0.10-1.3 mug l(-1)), 2 lipid regulator metabolites (0.12-0.13 mug l(-1)), the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (2.1 mug l(-1)), 4 ICM (1.1-5.2 mug l(-1)), the natural estrogen estrone (0.015 mug l(-1)) and 2 musk fragrances (0.14.73 mug l(-1)) were detected by LC-electrospray tandem MS and/or GC/MS/MS. ICM, derived from radiological examinations, were present with the highest concentrations (diatrizoate: 5.7 mug l(-1), iopromide: 5.2 mug l(-1)). By applying 10-15 mg l(-1) ozone (contact time: 18 min), all the pharmaceuticals investigated as well as musk fragrances (HHCB, AHTN) and estrone were no longer detected. However, ICM (diatrizoate, iopamidol, iopromide and iomeprol) were still detected in appreciable concentrations. Even with a 15 mg l(-1) ozone dose, the ionic diatrizoate only exhibited removal efficiencies of not higher than 14%, while the non-ionic ICM were removed to a degree of higher than 80%. Advanced oxidation processes (O-3/UV-low pressure mercury arc, O-3/H2O2), which were non-optimized for wastewater treatment, did not lead significantly to a higher removal efficiency for the ICM than ozone alone. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Pharmaceuticals, Estrogens, Contrast Media, Polycyclic Musks, Ozonation, Wastewater, Drinking-Water Treatment, Aquatic Environment, Agents, Samples, Drugs

? Poboży, E., Halko, R., Krasowski, M., Wierzbicki, T. and Trojanowicz, M. (2003), Flow-injection sample preconcentration for ion-pair chromatography of trace metals in waters. Water Research, 37 (9), 2019-2026.

Full Text: 2003\Wat Res37, 2019.pdf

Abstract: Selected trace transition metal ions have been determined in an FIA/HPLC hyphenated system using on-line preconcentration on cellulose functionalised sorbent Cellex P. For HPLC separation ion-pair chromatography was employed with spectrophotometric detection at 510 nm using post-column derivatisation with PAR. Favourable kinetic conditions of sorption and elution as well as optimisation of hyphenated system allowed to obtain detection limits at sub-mug L-1 level at 25 min preconcentration time. The developed method was employed for determination of Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II) in river water with reasonable agreement of obtained results with electrothermal AAS determination. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Cd(II), Cellex, Co(II), Complexes, Copper, Enrichment Methods, Flow-Injection Analysis, HPLC, Ion-Chromatography, Ions, Kinetic, Mercury, Metal, Metals, Nickel, Performance Liquid-Chromatography, Science, Separation, Sorbent, Sorption, Trace Metals, Water Analysis

Walker, G.M., Hansen, L., Hanna, J.A. and Allen, S.J. (2003), Kinetics of a reactive dye adsorption onto dolomitic sorbents. Water Research, 37 (9), 2081-2089.

Full Text: W\Wat Res37, 2081.pdf

Abstarct: A novel wastewater treatment technique has been investigated, for reactive dye removal, in batch kinetic systems. These experimental studies have indicated that charred dolomite has the potential to act as an adsorbent for the removal of Brilliant Red reactive dye from aqueous solution. The effect of initial dye concentration, adsorbent mass: liquid volume ratio, and agitation speed on dye removal have been determined with the experimental data mathematically described using empirical external mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion models. The experimental data show conformity with an adsorption process, with the removal rate heavily dependent on both external mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion.

Keywords: Adsorption, Dyestuff, Wastewater, Dolomite, Kinetics

Lázaro, N., Sevilla, A.L., Morales, S. and Marqués, A.M. (2003), Heavy metal biosorption by gellan gum gel beads. Water Research, 37 (9), 2118-2126.

Full Text: W\Wat Res37, 2118.pdf

Abstarct: The Ni²⁺ accumulation in batch mode from diluted solutions by gel beads of gellan gum (GG), alginate, -carrageenan, agar, agarose, silica gel, polyacrylamide and two mixtures of GG+agar was investigated. All polymeric materials studied accumulated Ni²⁺, but gel beads of GG were stable, easily obtainable and showed the highest Ni²⁺ accumulation. The pH of the Ni²⁺ solution was not critical for Ni²⁺ accumulation. Accumulation of metals Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ by GG gel beads reached the equilibrium after 24 h. The removal of Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ from the aqueous solution was very efficient, with maximum metal uptake (q_max) of 0.85 and 0.75 mmol/g dw GG, respectively. The general q_max sequence was Pb > Cu > Ni  Zn = Co > Cd. In an equimolar metal mixture sorption experiment a clear reduction in accumulation was observed, except for Pb²⁺ (30%). Heavy metals were desorbed with 100 mM sodium citrate.

Keywords: Heavy Metal Accumulation, Gel Beads, Gellan Gum, Adsorption Isotherm, Sorbent Affinity, Desorption

Notes: highly cited

Ho, Y.S. (2003), Removal of copper ions from aqueous solution by tree fern. Water Research, 37 (10), 2323-2330.

Full Text: W\Wat Res37, 2323.pdf W\Wat Res37, 2323-1.pdf

Abstract: Tree fern, an agricultural by-product, was used for the sorptive removal of copper ions from aqueous solution. The experimental data was analysed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. The equilibrium sorption capacity of copper ions was determined from the Langmuir equation and found to be 11.7 mg/g. A batch sorption model, based on the assumption of the pseudo-second-order mechanism, was developed to predict the rate constant of sorption, the equilibrium sorption capacity and the initial sorption rate with the effect of initial copper ion concentration and the tree fern dose. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as G⁰, H⁰ and S⁰, have been calculated. The thermodynamics of copper ion/tree fern system indicates spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Isotherm, Kinetics, Copper, Tree Fern, Pseudo-Second-Order Sorption Kinetics, Thermodynamic, Waste-Water, Metal-Ions, Sorption

Chern, J.M. and Chien, Y.W. (2003), Competitive adsorption of benzoic acid and p-nitrophenol onto activated carbon: Isotherm and breakthrough curves. Water Research, 37 (10), 2347-2356.

Full Text: W\Wat Res37, 2347.pdf

Abstract: Three series of batch tests at 25°C were performed to determine the benzoic acid and p-nitrophenol (PNP) binary adsorption isotherms onto GAC in the aqueous solutions and the experimental data were fitted to the extended Langmuir isotherm model successfully. The experimental data and the isotherm model parameters showed that the GAC used in this study had a higher affinity to PNP than benzoic acid. Three column tests were performed to determine the breakthrough curves and effluent solution pH with varying feed compositions. According to the experimental results, the weakly adsorbed BA exhibited an intermediate zone of effluent concentration higher than its feed one; the effluent solution pH could serve as a good indicator for breakthrough. The breakthrough curves with varying feed compositions could be predicted by the non-linear wave propagation theory satisfactorily. Only the adsorption isotherm models were required to construct the composition path diagram with which the breakthrough curves could be predicted.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Benzoic Acid, p-Nitrophenol, Adsorption, Isotherm, Breakthrough Curve

Ahn, J.S., Chon, C.M., Moon, H.S. and Kim, K.W. (2003), Arsenic removal using steel manufacturing byproducts as permeable reactive materials in mine tailing containment systems. Water Research, 37 (10), 2478-2488.

Full Text: W\Wat Res37, 2478.pdf

Abstract: Steel manufacturing byproducts were tested as a means of treating mine tailing leachate with a high As concentration. Byproduct materials can be placed in situ as permeable reactive barriers to control the subsurface release of leachate from tailing containment systems. The tested materials had various compositions of elemental Fe, Fe oxides, Ca–Fe oxides and Ca hydroxides typical of different steel manufacturing processes. Among these materials, evaporation cooler dust (ECD), oxygen gas sludge (OGS), basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) and to a lesser degree, electrostatic precipitator dust (EPD) effectively removed both As(V) and As(III) during batch experiments. ECD, OGS and BOFS reduced As concentrations to <0.5 mg/l from 25 mg/l As(V) or As(III) solution in 72 h, exhibiting higher removal capacities than zero-valent iron. High Ca concentrations and alkaline conditions (pH ca. 12) provided by the dissolution of Ca hydroxides may promote the formation of stable, sparingly soluble Ca–As compounds. When initial pH conditions were adjusted to 4, As reduction was enhanced, probably by adsorption onto iron oxides. The elution rate of retained As from OGS and ECD decreased with treatment time, and increasing the residence time in a permeable barrier strategy would be beneficial for the immobilization of As. When applied to real tailing leachate, ECD was found to be the most efficient barrier material to increase pH and to remove As and dissolved metals.

Keywords: Steel Manufacturing Byproducts, Permeable Reactive Material, Arsenic Removal, Mine Tailings

Lazaridis, N.K. and Asouhidou, D.D. (2003), Kinetics of sorptive removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions by calcined Mg-Al-CO₃ hydrotalcite. Water Research, 37 (12), 2875-2882.

Full Text: W\Wat Res37, 2875.pdf

Abstract: The sorptive removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by calcined Mg–Al–CO₃ hydrotalcite was investigated in a batch mode. The influence of agitation speed, solution pH, initial chromium concentration, sorbent concentration and temperature has been tested in kinetic runs. Three kinetic models have been evaluated to fit the experimental data: the pseudo-first order, the modified-second order and the Elovich equation. It was shown that the first-order model could best describe the sorpti106on kinetics. A Freundlich isotherm was used to fit equilibrium experiments. Hydrotalcite presents a sorption capacity of approximately 120 mg Cr/g, under the investigated experimental conditions. The calculated activation energy for process studied was around 40 kJ/mol.

Keywords: Adsorption, Chromium(VI), Hydrotalcite, Kinetics, Freundlich Isotherm

Lazaridis, N.K., Karapantsios, T.D. and Georgantas, D. (2003), Kinetic analysis for the removal of a reactive dye from aqueous solution onto hydrotalcite by adsorption. Water Research, 37 (12), 3023-3033.

Full Text: W\Wat Res37, 3023.pdf

Abstract: The removal of a reactive color, Cibacron Yellow LS-R, from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto hydrotalcite particles is investigated using batch rate experiments. Measurements are performed at various initial color concentrations, solid loads, pH values and ionic backgrounds (dissolved NaCl). The speed of agitation and the temperature inside the batch adsorber are also varied within a practical range of values. It is shown that the sorption capacity is relatively high for most experimental conditions so hydrotalcite may be considered as a suitable sorbent for this application. The probable mechanism of the process is investigated by a number of homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction kinetic models as well as diffusion kinetic models. It is found that no single kinetic model can fully describe the sorption process at all times. At least three independent rate-controlling mechanisms appear to compete each other and dominate the different stages of sorption.

Keywords: Adsorption, Diffusion, Hydrotalcite, Kinetics, Mass Transfer, Reactive Dye, Sorption, Decomposition, Effluents, Anions

Notes: highly cited

Chiron, N., Guilet, R. and Deydier, E. (2003), Adsorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) onto a grafted silica: Isotherms and kinetic models. Water Research, 37 (13), 3079-3086.

Full Text: W\Wat Res37, 3079.pdf

Abstract: The isotherms and kinetics of adsorption of lead(II) and copper(II) onto a grafted silica are studied at 20°C. A commercial silica is grafted with an ethylediamine derivative, N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-ethylenediamine. From the Langmuir isotherms, maximum adsorption capacities of the grafted silica towards Pb(II) and Cu(II) are determined (0.184 mmol Pb(II) g^-1 and 0.261 mmol Cu(II) g^-1) and compared to those of non-modified silica (respectively, 0.019 and 0.036 mmol g^-1). Four kinetic models, i.e., pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Langmuir and double-exponential are applied to fit the experimental kinetic data. The kinetic parameters are determined which allow to calculate the theoretical metal uptake as a function of time. The results are discussed and indicate the best fit is obtained with the double-exponential model. A discussion on the adsorption mechanism with respect to the double-exponential model leads to two possible interpretations: the metal uptake may follow a diffusion-controlled mechanism or a two-site adsorption process.

Keywords: Adsorption Mechanism, Langmuir Isotherms, Kinetics, Grafted Silica, Heavy Metals

Rivera-Utrilla, J. and Sánchez-Polo, M. (2003), Adsorption of Cr(III) on ozonised activated carbon. Importance of C––cation interactions. Water Research, 37 (14), 3335-3340.

Full Text: W\Wat Res37, 3335.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of Cr(III) in aqueous solution was investigated on a series of ozonised activated carbons, analysing the effect of oxygenated surface groups on the adsorption process. A study was carried out to determine the adsorption isotherms and the influence of the pH on the adsorption of this metal. The adsorption capacity and affinity of the adsorbent for Cr(III) increased with the increase in oxygenated acid groups on the surface of the activated carbon. These findings imply that electrostatic-type interactions predominate in the adsorption process, although the adsorption of Cr(III) on the original (basic) carbon indicates that other forces also participate in the adsorption process. Thus, the ionic exchange of protons in the –C–H₃O⁺ interaction for Cr(III) accounts for the adsorption of cationic species in basic carbons with positive charge density. Study of the influence of pH on the adsorption of Cr(III) showed that, in each system, the maximum adsorption occurred when the charge of the carbon surface was opposite that of the species of Cr(III) present at the pH of the experiment. These results confirmed that electrostatic interactions predominate in the adsorption process.

Keywords: Adsorption, Oxygenated Surface Groups, Heavy Metals, Activated Carbon, Ozone

Saeed, A. and Iqbal, M. (2003), Bioremoval of cadmium from aqueous solution by black gram husk (Cicer arientinum). Water Research, 37 (14), 3472-3480.

Full Text: W\Wat Res37, 3472.pdf

Abstract: Husk of black gram (Cicer arientinum), a waste of no commercial value, was investigated as a new biosorbent of cadmium from low concentration aqueous solutions. With 99.99% sorption efficiency from 10 mg l^-1 cadmium solution, the biomass required at saturation was 0.8 g mg^-1 cadmium. Biosorption was rapid and equilibrium was achieved in 30 min. Among the various desorbing agents tested, 99.89% cadmium recovery was achieved with 0.1 M HCl. Sorption efficiency of cadmium during six biosorption–desorption cycles in batch operations declined, which was traceable to 39.0% black gram husk (bgh) weight loss. This decline was only 9.71% when compensated for biomass loss, which is comparable to 10.45% decline during six cycles in fixed bed column bioreactor in which biomass loss was only 5.98%. On plotting breakthrough curves it was noted that bgh in the fixed bed column was capable of bringing down cadmium concentration from 10 to 0.1 mg l^-1 in 35.5 l volume. Biosorption of cadmium was not effected in the presence of other cations. Comprehensive characterization of parameters indicate bgh to be an excellent material for biosorption of cadmium to treat wastewaters containing low concentration of the metal. As an agrowaste, the advantage of application of this material as a metal biosorbent in a fixed bed column bioreactor system, in comparison with those based on immobilized algae or biomass of algal, fungal and bacterial origin, is considered.

Keywords: Biosorption, Agrowaste, Cicer arientinum, Metal Desorption, Wastewater Treatment, Cadmium Biosorption, Black Gram Husk

Garcinuño, R.M., Fernández-Hernando, P. and Cámara, C. (2003), Evaluation of pesticide uptake by Lupinus seeds. Water Research, 37 (14), 3481-3489.

Full Text: W\Wat Res37, 3481.pdf

Abstract: Pesticide uptake by seeds depends on the properties of the chemical, such as structure, stability, log k_ow and diffusion rate, type of water, pH, temperature, content of organic matter and composition, and on seed characteristics such as permeability of the seed coat. The efficiency with which Lupinus angustifolius seeds retain different herbicides (simazine, atrazine, isoproturon, linuron,) and insecticides (carbaryl, fenamiphos, permethrin) was evaluated using both a batch and a continuous system. Factors which affect pesticide uptake by seeds, such as flow rate, seed biomass, pesticide concentration, contact time, pH, seed saturation and also the speed of the retention process for 17 days, were tested. L. angustifolius showed a high retention capacity for the above mentioned pesticides.

The extraction of pesticides from seeds using different organic solvents, such as methanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate and n-hexane was evaluated and no pesticide residues were detected in any of the solvents tested. This could be attributed to the capacity of the seed to degrade the pesticides. From the results obtained, L. angustifolius seems to be a promising seed to be applied for phytoremediation of industrial effluents or contaminated water.

Keywords: Pesticides, Lupinus angustifolius Seeds, Phytoremediation

Arican, B. and Yetis, U. (2003), Nickel sorption by acclimatized activated sludge culture. Water Research, 37 (14), 3508-3516.

Full Text: W\Wat Res37, 3508.pdf

Abstract: The sorption of Ni²⁺ by acclimatized activated sludge treating Ni²⁺ bearing wastewater was investigated using a once-through completely mixed tank reactor. The culture developed from sewage was acclimatized to 85.2 mole/L Ni²⁺ influent concentration by stepwise increases, at a low dilution rate 0.11/h. Acclimation was found to enhance the sorptive capacity of the activated sludge. In fact, at all of the intermediate concentrations, percentage Ni²⁺ adsorbed by the biomass and also the sorptive capacity of the activated sludge drastically increased with an increase in the influent Ni²⁺ concentration. All influent Ni²⁺ concentrations were found to significantly stimulate the observed biomass yield of the culture over that observed in the base line. Experimental findings obtained at two other dilution rates; namely, 0.25/h and 0.45/h revealed that dilution rate is a significant operational parameter affecting the Ni²⁺ sorption characteristics of acclimatized activated sludge microorganisms. Considerable complexation of nickel and organic and inorganic ligands in the wastewater appeared to be responsible for a relatively lower Ni²⁺ sorption capacity.

Keywords: Activated Sludge, Heavy Metal Removal, Nickel, Sorption

Kim, M.S., Hong, K.M. and Chung, J.G. (2003), Removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions by adsorption process with anatase-type titanium dioxide. Water Research, 37 (14), 3524-3529.

Full Text: W\Wat Res37, 3524.pdf

Abstract: The experiment was performed in the reactor with suspended anatase-type titanium dioxide particles. The adsorption amount increased rapidly with an increasing pH value from pH 2 to 5 and remained constant over pH 5. The adsorption amount of Cu²⁺ increased with temperature from 15°C to 40°C. The adsorption equilibrium constant (K_ads) was 0.854 and adsorption isotherm of Cu²⁺ adsorption on titanium dioxide was more suitable in Langmuir adsorption isotherm than in Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption rate was rapid with an increasing number of UV lamps of 254 nm.

Keywords: Copper(II), Adsorption, Anatase-Type Titanium Dioxide, UV Radiation, Aqueous Solutions

? Yoon, Y.M., Westerhoff, P., Snyder, S.A. and Esparza, M. (2003), HPLC-fluorescence detection and adsorption of bisphenol A, 17-estradiol, and 17-ethynyl estradiol on powdered activated carbon. Water Research, 37 (14), 3530-3537.

Full Text: 2003\Wat Res37, 3530.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of three estrogenic compounds (bisphenol A (BPA), 17beta-estradiol (E2), and 17alpha-ethynyl estradiol (EE2)) on several powdered activated carbons (PAC) was investigated. Without preconcentration, method detection limits (MDL) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection at an excitation wavelength of 280nm and an emission wavelength of 310nm were 0.88, 1.15, and 0.96nM for BPA, E2, and EE2, respectively. Compound recoveries were >90% in raw drinking water matrices. PAC screening studies (six PAC brands) indicated all three compounds were removed by PAC, but the percentage removal ranged from 31% to >99% based upon PAC type/dosage and presence/absence of natural organic matter. The order of removal (E2>EE2>BPA) corresponded with log K-ow values for the compounds (3.1-4.0, 3.7-3.9, 3.3, respectively). Kinetic and PAC dose-response experiments were conducted with the two best performing PACs. Increasing contact time and PAC dose improved compound removal. Freundlich isotherm parameters were fit to the experimental data. This study confirms that PAC treatment is feasible for >99% removal of three estrogenic compounds from raw drinking waters that may be at risk for containing such compounds, at least at initial concentration of 500ng/L and higher. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 17 Alpha-Ethynyl Estradiol, 17 Beta-Estradiol, Activated Carbon, Activated Carbons, Adsorption, Aquatic Environment, Assay, Bisphenol A, Carbons, Dose-Response, Drinking Water, Drinking-Water, Estradiol, Estrogenic Hormones, Hplc-Fluorescence, Isotherm, Kinetic, Natural, Natural Organic Material, Natural Organic Matter, Pac, Performance Liquid-Chromatography, Powdered Activated Carbon, Removal, Risk, Science, Screening, Sorption, Surface-Water, Treatment, Waste-Water, Water Treatment Plants

? Ying, G.G., Kookana, R.S. and Dillon, P. (2003), Sorption and degradation of selected five endocrine disrupting chemicals in aquifer material. Water Research, 37 (15), 3785-3791.

Full Text: 2003\Wat Res37, 3785.pdf

Abstract: Sorption and degradation of the five selected endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) including bisphenol A (BPA), 17beta-estradiol (E2), 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) have been investigated in the laboratory using sediment and groundwater from an aquifer in Bolivar, South Australia. The sorption coefficients measured on the sediment were in the following order: 4-n-NP > 4-t-OP > EE2 > E2 > BPA. The sorption coefficients (K-f values) for the five EDCs were 3.89, 21.8, 24.2, 90.9 and 195, respectively. The alkylphenols 4-t-OP and 4-n-NP had strong binding on the sediment while BPA had a weak affinity. Degradation experiments of the five EDCs showed that E2 and 4-n-NP degraded quickly under aerobic conditions with a half-life of 2 and 7 days, respectively. EE2 degraded slowly with an estimated half-life of 81 days in the aquifer material under aerobic conditions while the other two chemicals (BPA and 4-t-OP) remained almost unchanged. Little or no degradation of the five EDCs except slow degradation for E2 was observed within 70 days under anaerobic conditions in native groundwater. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Endocrine Disrupting Chemical, Aquifer, Sorption, Biodegradation, Aquifer Storage And Recovery, Bisphenol-A, Waste-Water, Alkylphenol Polyethoxylates, Environmental Fate, Phenolic-Compounds, Treatment Plants, English Rivers, Estrogens, Nonylphenol, Behavior

Tomei, M.C., Annesini, M.C., Luberti, R., Cento, G. and Senia, A. (2003), Kinetics of 4-nitrophenol biodegradation in a sequencing batch reactor. Water Research,