Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2007\Wat Res41, 731.pdf

Abstract: Dried biomass of the marine macroalgae Fucus spiralis and Fucus uesiculosus (brown), Ulva spp. (comprising Ulva linza, Ulva compressa and Ulva intestinalis) and Ulva lactuca (green), Palmaria palmata and Polysiphonia lanosa (red) were studied in terms of their Cu(II) biosorption performance. This is the first study of its kind to compare Cu(II) uptake by these seaweeds in the South-East of Ireland. Potentiometric and conductimetric titrations revealed a variety of functionalities on the seaweed surface including carboxyl and amino groups, which are capable of metal binding. it was also found that, of the seaweeds investigated, F. vesiculosus contained the greatest number of acidic surface binding sites while Palmaria palmata contained the least. The metal uptake capacities of the seaweeds increased with increasing pH and kinetic behaviour followed a similar pattern for all seaweeds: a rapid initial sorption period followed by a longer equilibrium period. P. palmata reached equilibrium within 10min of exposure while F. vesiculosus required 60min. Correlation was found between the total number of acidic binding sites and the time taken to reach equilibrium. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis of the seaweeds revealed the interaction of carboxyl, amino, sulphonate and hydroxyl groups on the seaweed surface with Cu2+, ions while time course studies established the relative contribution of each of these groups in metal binding. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Alginate, Analysis, Biosorption, Capacity, Chromium, Contribution, Correlation, Cu(II), Enteromorpha, Equilibrium, Exposure, FTIR, Heavy Metal, Heavy-Metal Biosorption, Ions, Lead, Marine Algae, Marine-Algae, Mechanisms, pH, Seaweed Biomass, Sorption, Uptake

Notes: highly cited

? Kim, S.D., Cho, J., Kim, I.S., Vanderford, B.J. and Snyder, S.A. (2007), Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in South Korean surface, drinking, and waste waters. Water Research, 41 (5), 1013-1021.

Full Text: 2007\Wat Res41, 1013.pdf

Abstract: Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) was used to measure the concentrations of 14 pharmaceuticals, 6 hormones, 2 antibiotics, 3 personal care products (PCPs), and 1 flame retardant in surface waters and wastewater treatment plant effluents in South Korea. Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), iopromide, naproxen, carbamazepine, and caffeine were quite frequently observed (> 80%) in both surface waters and effluents. The analytes of greatest concentration were iopromide, TCEP, sulfamethoxazole, and carbamazepine. However, the primary estrogen hormones, 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol and 17 beta-estradiol, were rarely detected, while estrone was detected in both surface water and wastewater effluent. The elimination of these chemicals during drinking water and wastewater treatment processes at full- and pilot-scale also was investigated. Conventional drinking water treatment methods were relatively inefficient for contaminant removal, while efficient removal (approximate to 99%) was achieved by granular activated carbon (GAC). In wastewater treatment processes, membrane bioreactors (MBR) showed limited target compound removal, but were effective at eliminating hormones and some pharmaceuticals (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and caffeine). Membrane filtration processes using reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration. (NF) showed excellent removal (> 95%) for all target analytes. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Wastewater, Treatment, Effluent, Drinking Water, Reuse, Membrane Bioreactor, Membrane Filtration, Activated Carbon, Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltration, Ultrafiltration, Sewage-Treatment Plants, Personal Care Products, Mass-Spectrometry, Municipal Sewage, Estrogenic Chemicals, Activated-Sludge, STW Effluent, Bisphenol-A, Fate, Identification

? Akhtar, K., Waheed Akhtar, M. and Khalid, A.M. (2007), Removal and recovery of uranium from aqueous solutions by Trichoderma harzianum. Water Research, 41 (6), 1366-1378.

Full Text: 2007\Wat Res41, 1366.pdf

Abstract: Removal and recovery of uranium from dilute aqueous solutions by indigenously isolated viable and non-viable fungus (Trichoderma harzianum) and algae (RD256, RD257) was studied by performing biosorption-desorption tests. Fungal strain was found comparatively better candidate for uranium biosorption than algae. The process was highly pH dependent. At optimized experimental parameters, the maximum uranium biosorption capacity of T. harzianum was 612 mg U g^-1 whereas maximum values of uranium biosorption capacity exhibited by algal strains (RD256 and RD257) were 354 and 408 mg U g^-1 and much higher in comparison with commercially available resins (Dowex-SBR-P and IRA-400). Uranium biosorption by algae followed Langmuir model while fungus exhibited a more complex multilayer phenomenon of biosorption and followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Mass balance studies revealed that uranium recovery was 99.9%, for T. harzianum, and 97.1 and 95.3% for RD256 and RD257, respectively, by 0.1 M Hydrochloric acid which regenerated the uranium-free cell biomass facilitating the sorption-desorption cycles for better economic feasibility. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Algae, Bioaccumulation, Biosorption, Kinetic Models, Multilayer, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics, T. harzianum, Uranium

? Lv, L., He, J., Wei, M., Evans, D.G. and Zhou, Z.L. (2007), Treatment of high fluoride concentration water by MgAl-CO₃ layered double hydroxides: Kinetic and equilibrium studies. Water Research, 41 (7), 1534-1542.

Full Text: 2007\Wat Res41, 1534.pdf

Abstract: MgAl-CO₃ layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been employed to treat high fluoride concentration solution. The influences of solution pH, initial fluoride concentration and other anions in the solution were investigated by a series of batch experiments. A marked decrease in the amount of adsorbed fluoride by LDHs is observed with increasing pH. The extent of fluoride removal in the presence of other anions decreases in the order HCO₃^-> Cl^-> H₂PO₄^-> SO₄^2-. The equilibrium isotherm for fluoride uptake corresponds closely to the Langmuir-Freundlich (L-F) model. The maximum capacity of LDHs for fluoride ions and the Gibbs free energy (Delta G(0)) for the defluoridation process were calculated to be 319.85.7 mg/g and -9.00.66 kJ/mol, respectively. The negative value of Delta G(0) indicates the spontaneous nature of the treatment process. Four kinetic models have been evaluated in order to attempt to fit the experimental data, namely the pseudo-first order, the pseudo-second order, the modified multiplex and the double exponential models. It was found that the modified multiplex model, involving a rapid first order step and a slow second order step most closely described the kinetics. The activation energies for the two steps are 37.25.26 and 72.64.52 kJ/mol, respectively, suggesting that the rapid step is controlled by diffusion processes, whilst the second step is controlled by the reaction of fluoride with the LDHs. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Activation, Adsorption, Anions, Aqueous-Solutions, Batch Experiments, Capacity, Chromium(VI), Concentration, Defluoridation, Diffusion, Energy, Equilibrium, Fluoride, Hydrotalcite, Ions, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetic Models, Kinetics, Langmuir-Freundlich, Layered Double Hydroxides, Mg-Al-CO3 Hydrotalcite, Model, Models, Modified, pH, Process, Pseudo-First Order, Pseudo-Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Reaction, Removal, Removal, Solution pH, Sorption, Treatment, Uptake, Waste-Water, Water

? Vilar, V.J.P., Botelho, C.M.S. and Boaventura, R.A.R. (2007), Copper desorption from Gelidium algal biomass. Water Research, 41 (7), 1569-1579.

Full Text: 2007\Wat Res41, 1569.pdf

Abstract: Desorption of divalent copper from marine algae Gelidium sesquipedale, an algal waste (from agar extraction industry) and a composite material (the algal waste immobilized in polyacrylonitrile) was studied in a batch system. Copper ions were first adsorbed until saturation and then desorbed by HNO3 and Na(2)EDTA solutions. Elution efficiency using HNO3 increases as pH decreases. At pH = 1, for a solid to liquid ratio S/L = 4 g l(-1), elution efficiency was 97%, 95% and 88%, the stoichiometric coefficient for the ionic exchange, 0.70 +/- 0.02, 0.73 +/- 0.05 and 0.76 +/- 0.06 and the selectivity coefficient, 0.93 +/- 0.07, 1.0 +/- 0.3 and 1.1 +/- 0.3, respectively, for algae Gelidium, algal waste and composite material. Complexation of copper ions by EDTA occurs in a molar proportion of 1:1 and the elution efficiency increases with EDTA concentration. For concentrations of 1.4, 0.88 and 0.57 mmol l(-1), the elution efficiency for S/L = 4 g l(-1), was 91%, 86% and 78%, respectively, for algae Gelidium, algal waste and composite material. The S/L ratio, in the range 1-20 gl(-1), has little influence on copper recovery by using 0.1 M HNO3. Desorption kinetics was very fast for all biosorbents. Kinetic data using HNO3 as eluant were well described by the mass transfer model, considering the average metal concentration in the solid phase and the equilibrium relationship given by the mass action law. The homogeneous diffusion coefficient varied between 1.0 X 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1) for algae Gelidium and 3.0 x 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1) for the composite material. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbents, Adsorption, Algal Waste, Biosorbent, Biosorbent Regeneration, Biosorption, Cadmium, Copper, Desorption, Diffusion, EDTA, Equilibrium, Exchange, Gelidium, Heavy-Metals, Industry, Ions, Kinetic, Kinetics, Mass Transfer, Model, pH, Ratio, Recovery, Removal, Sorption

? Blaney, L.M., Cinar, S. and SenGupta, A.K. (2007), Hybrid anion exchanger for trace phosphate removal from water and wastewater. Water Research, 41 (7), 1603-1613.

Full Text: 2007\Wat Res41, 1603.pdf

Abstract: Throughout recent decades, the wastewater treatment industry has identified the discharge of nutrients, including phosphates and nitrates, into waterways as a risk to natural environments due to the serious effects of eutrophication. For this reason, new tertiary treatment processes have abounded; these processes generally utilize physicochemical and biological methods to remove nutrients from secondary wastewaters. The disadvantages of such methods involve larger reactor volumes, operating costs, and waste sludge production; furthermore, complete nutrient removal is unattainable due to thermodynamic and kinetic limitations. The subject study presents the development and performance of a new phosphate-selective sorbent, referred to as hybrid anion exchanger or HAIX. HAIX combines durability and mechanical strength of polymeric anion exchange resins with high sorption affinity of hydrated ferric oxide (HFO) toward phosphate. HAIX is essentially a polymeric anion exchanger within which HFO nanoparticles have been dispersed irreversibly. Laboratory studies show that HAIX selectively removes phosphate from the background of much higher concentrations of competing sulfate, chloride and bicarbonate anions due to the combined presence of Coulombic and Lewis acid-base interactions. Experimental results demonstrate that HAIX’s phosphate-sulfate separation factor is over two orders of magnitude greater than that of currently available commercial ion exchange resins. Additionally, optimal HAIX performance occurs at typical secondary wastewater pH conditions i.e., around 7.5. HAIX is amenable to efficient regeneration and reuse with no noticeable loss in capacity. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Alumina, Adsorption, Ammonium, Anion Exchange, Anion Exchanger, Capacity, Costs, Development, Eutrophication, Everglades, Hybrid Anion Exchanger, Hydrated Iron Oxide, Hydroxide, Industry, Ion Exchange, Ion-Exchangers, Iron, Nanoparticles, Nutrient Removal, Oxide, pH, Phosphate, Phosphorus Removal, Regeneration, Removal, Reuse, Risk, Selective Phosphate Removal, Sorbent, Sorption, Strength, Tertiary Treatment, Treatment, Wastewater, Wastewater Treatment

? Karamanis, D. and Assimakopoulos, P.A. (2007), Efficiency of aluminum-pillared montmorillonite on the removal of cesium and copper from aqueous solutions. Water Research, 41 (9), 1897-1906.

Full Text: 2007\Wat Res41, 1906.pdf

Abstract: Aluminum-pillared-layered montmorillonites (PILMs) were tested for their potential application in the removal of copper or cesium from aqueous solutions. By varying the initial conditions, several PILMs were prepared and characterized by means of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), proton induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and sorption isotherms. Uptake of metals was studied by means of XRF spectrometry for copper sorption or gamma-ray spectrometry for cesium, using Cs-137 as radiotracer. The sorption kinetics and capacity of PILMs were determined in relation to the effects of factors such as the initial metal concentration, initial pH of the solution and the presence of competitive cations. Kinetic studies showed that an equilibrium time of few minutes was needed for the adsorption of metal ions on PILMs. A pseudo-first-order equation was used to describe the sorption process for either copper or cesium. The most effective pH range for the removal of copper and cesium was found to be 4.0-6.0 and 3.0-8.0, respectively. Cesium sorption isotherms were best represented by a two-site Langmuir model while copper isotherms followed the Freundlich or the two-site Langmuir model. Cesium sorption experiments with inorganic or organic competitive cations as blocking agents revealed that the high selective sites of PILMs for cesium sorption (1-2% of total) are surface and edge sites in addition to interlayer exchange sites. In copper sorption, the two sites were determined as interlayer sites of PILMs after restoring their cation exchange capacity and sites associated with the pillar oxides. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Bentonite, Capacity, Cation Exchange, Cesium, Clays, Copper, Equilibrium, Heavy Metals, Heavy-Metals, Induced, Ion-Exchange, Ions, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetics, Langmuir Model, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Metals, Microporosity, Model, Montmorillonite, pH, Pillared Clays, Pseudo-First-Order, Removal, Sorbents, Sorption, Sorption Kinetics, Strontium, Water, XRD, XRF

? Kim, Y.I. and Bae, B.U. (2007), Design and evaluation of hydraulic baffled-channel PAC contactor for taste and odor removal from drinking water supplies. Water Research, 41 (10), 2256-2264.

Full Text: 2007\Wat Res41, 2256.pdf

Abstract: Based on the concept of hydraulic flocculator, a baffled-channel powdered activated carbon (PAC) contactor, placed before the rapid-mixing basin, was designed and evaluated for removal of taste and odor (T&O) in drinking water. PAC adsorption kinetic tests for raw water samples were conducted for selection of design parameters related to contact time and degree of mixing. Within the tested range of velocity gradient (G) from 18 to 83s(-1), mixing had a relatively minor effect on the adsorption kinetics of the PAC. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the pilot-scale horizontally and vertically baffled-channel PAC contactor were investigated by tracer tests. It was found that the plug flow fractions of vertically baffled-channel PAC contactor (vBPC) were higher than those of the horizontally baffled-channel PAC contactor (hBPC) for the same bend width or bend height. However, the hBPC seems to be more appropriate than the vBPC in terms of construction and maintenance. The geosmin and MIB removal rate increased with the number of baffles, PAC dose and contact time increased regardless of bend width in the pilot-scale hBPC. The pair of full-scale hBPCs at Pohang water treatment plant, having a design capacity of 6.5 x 10(4) m(3)/d with 20min of hydraulic retention time with a safety factor of 2, was designed based on lab- and pilot-scale experimental results. Under a velocity gradient of 20 s(-1), the number of baffles to be installed was calculated to be 20 with a space of about 2 m between each baffle, resulting in a hydraulic head loss through the contactor of about 0.056 m. The successful application of hBPC for T&O removal from drinking water supplies should provide momentum for developing more effective treatment methods. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Kinetics, Baffled-Channel PAC Contactor, Capacity, Design, Drinking Water, Evaluation, Flocculation, Geosmin, Kinetics, MIB, Optimal Design, PAC, Plant, Powdered Activated Carbon, Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC), Removal, Retention, Safety, Taste and Odor (T&O), Treatment, Velocity Gradient

? Le Noir, M. Lepeuple, A.S., Guieysse, B. and Mattiasson, B. (2007), Selective removal of 17 -estradiol at trace concentration using a molecularly imprinted polymer. Water Research, 41 (12), 2825-2831.

Full Text: 2007\Wat Res41, 2825.pdf

Abstract: A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized with 17 beta-estradiol (E2) as template. It was then capable to recover this compound by 100±0.6% from a 2 g/L aqueous solution. By comparison, E2 recoveries of 77±5.2%, 87.1±2.3% and 19.1±7.8%, were achieved using a non-imprinted polymer (NIP) synthesized under the same conditions (but without template), a commercial C18 extraction phase and granular-activated carbon (GAC), respectively When fluoxetine hydrochloride and acenaphthene were added as interferences to the aqueous solution at 2 g/L each, E2 was recovered by 95.5±4.0% from the MIP, compared to 54.5±9.4%, 76.0±2% and 14.3±0.1% from the NIP, C18 and GAC phases, respectively Estrogenic activity equivalent to the effect caused by 22.4ng E2/L was recorded in the MIP extract from a wastewater sample whereas no activity was detected in the NIP extract. This suggested the imprinted polymers removed estrogenic compounds. This study therefore demonstrates the potential of MIPs for the selective removal of endocrine-disrupting compounds. By using a synthetic analogue to natural hormone receptors, adsorption is based on the same property that makes the contaminants harmful. Biological treatment of enriched E2 was also demonstrated. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Endocrine Disrupter, Estrogen, Molecular Imprinting, Trace Contaminant, Yeast Estrogen Screen, Waste-Water Contaminants, Activated-Sludge, Treatment Plants, Drinking-Water, Estrogenic Activity, Pharmaceuticals, Sewage, Degradation, Adsorption, Effluent

? Kim, Y.H., Ogata, T. and Nakano, Y. (2007), Kinetic analysis of palladium(II) adsorption process on condensed-tannin gel based on redox reaction models. Water Research, 41 (14), 3043-3050.

Full Text: 2007\Wat Res41, 3043.pdf

Abstract: We have developed a novel recovery system of palladium (Pd) from wastes such as spent catalysts or scraps, using tannin gel particles synthesized from condensed -tannin molecules. The Pd(II) ionic species are reduced to metallic Pd(0) on the network of the tannin gel: a two-electron transfer from the tannin gel to Pd(II). The kinetic study of the electron transfer was performed with a multiple reaction model containing an intermediate step (formation of a ligand- substituted Pd(II)-tannin inner sphere complex), resulting in a better fit with the experimental results than with the single reaction model (outer sphere redox reaction), which means that the inner sphere redox mechanism is an appropriate reaction model for the Pd(II) adsorption process. Because the intermediate is included in the adsorption amount, the adsorption process can be divided into two steps: fast adsorption by the ligand substitution at the initial stage and slow adsorption by the subsequent redox reaction after the ligand substitution reaches an equilibrium state, with different adsorption rates between the Pd(II) ionic species (PdCl+ > PdCl2 > PdCl3-, PdCl42-). (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Analysis, Chloride Solutions, Equilibrium, Inner Sphere Redox Mechanism, Kinetic, Mechanism, Metal-Ions, Model, Palladium(II) Adsorption, Polymer, Reaction Modeling, Recovery, Removal, Resin, Seawater, Tannin Gel, Temperature

? Schideman, L.C., Snoeyink, V.L., Marinas, B.J., Ding, L. and Campos, C. (2007), Application of a three-component competitive adsorption model to evaluate and optimize granular activated carbon systems. Water Research, 41 (15), 3289-3298.

Full Text: 2007\Wat Res41, 3289.pdf

Abstract: A recently developed kinetic model for granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbers (COMPSORB-GAC) that quantitatively describes the adsorption of trace organic contaminant in the presence of competing natural organic matter (NOM) was applied to evaluate the performance of different GAC system configurations: conventional fixed-bed adsorbers, layered upflow carbon adsorbers (LUCA), and moving-bed adsorbers (with few or many bed sections). COMPSORB-GAC separately tracks the adsorption of three components: a trace compound, a strongly competing NOM fraction that reduces trace compound equilibrium capacity, and a pore-blocking NOM fraction that reduces kinetics. Performance was simulated for various design criteria and with model parameters derived for two natural waters with significantly different NOM concentrations. For the range of simulated conditions and with baseline performance defined by a fixed-bed adsorber, LUCA generally reduced carbon usage rates (CURs) by 15-35%. A 2-section and a 16-section moving-bed reactor reduced baseline CURs by 20-30% and 45-55%, respectively Projected CURs for the water source with a relatively high NOM concentration were 2-3 times higher for all reactor configurations and indicated that NOM preloading would cause performance deterioration in deep GAC beds, which highlights the importance of source water quality. These results show how COMPSORB-GAC can be used in a comprehensive, site-specific optimization of GAC systems to ensure robust system performance and to balance capital and operating costs. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorbers, Adsorption, Atrazine, Atrazine, Background Organic-Matter, Balance, Capacity, Competitive Adsorption, Costs, Design, Direct Site Competition, Equilibrium, Fixed-Bed, GAC, GAC Adsorption, Hsdm, Iast, Kinetics, Model, Moving-Bed Reactor, Natural Organic Matter, Natural Organic Matter (NOM), Natural-Water, Performance, Pore Blockage, Removal, Simplification, Verification

? Gupta, V.K., Ali, I. and Saino, V.K. (2007), Defluoridation of wastewaters using waste carbon slurry. Water Research, 41 (15), 3307-3316.

Full Text: 2007\Wat Res41, 3307.pdf

Abstract: Adsorption of fluoride on waste carbon slurry was investigated. Waste carbon slurry was obtained from fuel oil based generators of a fertilizer industry. The work involves batch experiments to investigate the effects of contact time, pH, temperature and adsorbent dose on the extent of adsorption by carbon slurry. The contact time and pH for maximum fluoride uptake were found 1h and 7.58, respectively. Maximum adsorption capacity (4.861 mg g^-1) of fluoride on carbon slurry was observed at 15.00 mgL^-1 initial fluoride concentration using 1.0 gL^-1 adsorbent dose. Among four applied models, the experimental isotherm data were found to follow Langmuir equation more closely Thermodynamically, adsorption was found endothermic with values 7.348kJ mol^-1, -25.410 kJ mol^-1 and 0.109 kJ mol^-1 K^-1 for enthalpy, free energy and entropy, respectively showing the feasibility of adsorption process. From kinetic analysis, the adsorption was found to follow second-order mechanism with rate constant 49.637 g mg^-1 min^-1. The rate-controlling step of the adsorption was found pore diffusion controlled. In order to investigate the potential of this adsorbent on industrial scale, column and desorption experiments were carried out. The breakthrough capacity of column was calculated 4.155 mg g-1 with at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min-1. The proposed adsorbent has been used to remove fluoride from groundwater and wastewater. Desorption has been achieved under alkaline conditions (pH 11.6) from exhausted carbon slurry. The performance of carbon slurry was compared with many other reported adsorbent for fluoride removal and it was observed that proposed adsorbent is effective in terms of performance and cost especially. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Process, Analysis, Aqueous-Solution, Batch, Batch Experiments, Breakthrough, Breakthrough Capacity, Capacity, Carbon, Carbon Slurry, Column, Column Study, Concentration, Contact Time, Cost, Defluoridation, Desorption, Diffusion, Drinking-Water, Earth, Effective, Effects, Endothermic, Energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, Experimental, Experiments, Fertilizer, Flow, Flow Rate, Fluoride, Fluoride Removal, Free Energy, Fuel Oil, Groundwater, Industrial, Isotherm, Isotherm Data, Isotherm Modeling, Kinetic, Langmuir, Langmuir Equation, Mechanism, Models, Oil, Order, Performance, pH, Pore, Pore Diffusion, Potential, Process, Rate, Rate Constant, Removal, Scale, Second Order, Slurry, Sorption, Temperature, Time, Uptake, Waste, Wastewater, Wastewaters

? Genz, A., Baumgarten, B., Goernitz, M. and Jekel, M. (2008), NOM removal by adsorption onto granular ferric hydroxide: Equilibrium, kinetics, filter and regeneration studies. Water Research,