Title: Water Science and Technology

Title: Water Science and Technology

Full Journal Title: Water Science and Technology; Water Science and Technology

ISO Abbreviated Title: Water Sci. Technol.

JCR Abbreviated Title: Water Sci Technol

ISSN: 0273-1223

Issues/Year: 24

Journal Country/Territory: England

Language: English

Publisher: Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd

Publisher Address: The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, England

Subject Categories:

Engineering, Environmental: Impact Factor 0.895, 10/36 (1999); Impact Factor 0.495, 17/36 (2000); Impact Factor 0.875, 19/37 (2005); Impact Factor 1.094, 27/42 (2009)

Environmental Sciences: Impact Factor 0.895, 54/126 (1999); Impact Factor 0.495, 90/127 (2000); Impact Factor 0.875, 96/140 (2005); Impact Factor 1.094, 122/181 (2009)

Water Resources: Impact Factor 0.895, 17/46 (1999); Impact Factor 0.495, 30/47 (2000); Impact Factor 0.875, 29/57 (2005); Impact Factor 1.094, 36/66 (2009)

? Kumar, P. and Dara, S.S. (1981), Removal of toxic heavy-metal ions from wastewaters using modified agricultural waste materials. Water Science and Technology, 13 (7), 353-361.

Full Text: 1981\Wat Sci Tec13, 353.pdf

? Fedorak, P.M. and Hrudey, S.E. (1987), Inhibition of anaerobic degradation of phenolics and methanogenesis by coal coking wastewater. Water Science and Technology, 19 (1-2), 219-228.

Full Text: 1987\Wat Sci Tec19, 219.pdf

? Bell, J.P. and Tsezos, M. (1987), Removal of hazardous organic pollutants by adsorption on microbial biomass. Water Science and Technology, 19 (3-4), 409-416.

Full Text: 1987\Wat Sci Tec19, 409.pdf

Abstract: Removal of five toxic organic compounds from water by adsorption on microbial biomass was investigated. Lindane, diazinon, malathion, pentachlorophenol, and the PCB 2-chlorobiphenyl were adsorbed onto two types of inactive microbial biomass (a pure strain of Rhizopus arrhizus, and a mixed culture of activated sludge). Desorption and the thermodynamics of the adsorption process were also investigated. With the exception of malathion, the adsorptive uptake data fit the Freundlich equation and were well correlated with the octanol/water partition coefficient, but not as well correlated with water solubility of the compounds. Except for malathion the adsorption was reversible. Malathion showed unusually high apparent uptake and the removal appeared to be irreversible. The experimental evidence suggests that the disappearance of malathion resulted from a chemical reaction, while physical adsorption appears to account for removal of the other compounds.

Keywords: Adsorption, Biosorption, Desorption, Hazardous Organics, Microbial Biomass, PCB, Pesticides

? Hanaki, K. (1987), Inhibition of anaerobic degradation of phenolics and methanogenesis by coal coking wastewater. Water Science and Technology, 19 (7), 1072-1074.

Full Text: 1987\Wat Sci Tec19, 1072.pdf

? Davis, A.P. and Huang, C.P. (1989), Removal of phenols from water by a photocatalytic oxidation process. Water Science and Technology, 21 (6-7), 455-464.

Full Text: 1989\Wat Sci Tec21, 455.pdf

Abstract: Photocatalyst, CdS, upon irradiation by bandgap energy produces electrons and positive holes. The positive holes are strong oxidizing agents that can render organic compounds such as phenol oxidized. The rate of phenol oxidation depends upon factors such as pH, phenol concentration, photointensity, oxygen concentration and temperature. An increase in the degree of chlorination appears to render phenols more oxidizable. Among the chlorinated phenols studied, the ease in oxidation increases in the order: 2,4,6-trichlorophenol > 2,4-dichlorophenol > 2-chlorophenol > phenol.

Keywords: Phenol, Photo-Oxidation, Photocatalyst, Chlorophenols

Alaerts, G.J., Jitjaturunt, V. and Kelderman, P. (1989), Use of coconut-shell based activated carbon from chromium(VI) removal. Water Science and Technology, 21 (12) 1701-1704.

Full Text: 1989\Wat Sci Tec21, 1701.pdf

Azab, M.S. and Peterson, P.J. (1989), The removal of cadmium from water by the use of biological sorbents. Water Science and Technology, 21 (12), 1705-1706.

Full Text: 1989\Wat Sci Tec21, 1705.pdf

? Landreth, R.R. (1989), The use of cultured bacteria in a full scale biological system treating coke plant wastewater. Water Science and Technology, 21 (12), 1829-1832

Full Text: 1989\Wat Sci Tec21, 1829.pdf

? Yoshida, H., Fukuda, S., Okamoto, A. and Kataoka, T. (1991), Recovery of direct dye and acid dye by adsorption on chitosan fiber: Equilibria. Water Science and Technology, 23 (7-9), 1667-1676.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Sci Tec23, 1667.pdf

Abstract: The recovery of direct dye and acid dye from dilute aqueous solution by adsorption on chitosan fiber, which is cheaper than an activated carbon fiber, appeared technically and economically feasible. The amounts of adsorption of Brilliant Yellow (direct dye) and Acid Orange II (acid dye) on the chitosan fiber were much larger than that for the activated carbon fiber, though these dyes were adsorbed well on the activated carbon fiber too. The experimental equilibrium isotherms were correlated by B.E.T. equation for a finite number of layers. The equilibrium isotherm was affected by the initial concentration of the dye and temperature considerably, but was little affected by coexisting salt NaCl. These dyes were desorbed by dilute aqueous solution of caustic soda, e.g. at 20 mol/m³, irreversibly.

Keywords: Water, Adsorption, Chitin, Chitosan, Activated Carbon, Dye, Direct Dye, Acid Dye, Basic Dye, Desorption, External Mass-Transfer, Pore Diffusion-Model, Activated Carbon, Batch Adsorbers, Dyestuffs, Chitin, Peat

? Wen, Y.B., Min, Z. and Yi, Q.A. (1991), Biological treatment of coke-plant waste-water for COD and NH₃-N removal. Water Science and Technology, 23 (10-12), 1883-1892.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Sci Tec23, 1883.pdf

Abstract: For removing COD and NH₃-N from high-strength coke-plant wastewater, studies were conducted in a lab scale, continuous flow system, in which anaerobic, anoxic and oxic units were included. The results have shown that the effluent COD and NH₃-N of A-A/O system could be less than 78 mg/L and 4.7 mg/L respectively when the influent COD and NH3-N were higher than 1200 mg/L and 240 mg/L respectively at a total HRT of 36 hrs. Moreover, the total nitrogen of wastewater was removed by 49%. It is concluded that A-A/O system is efficient for coke-plant wastewater treatment and the anaerobic process has played very important role in the system.

Keywords: Anaerobic, Anoxic, Biological Treatment, Coal, Coke Plant, Coke Plant Waste-Water, Coke Plant Wastewater, Coke-Plant Wastewater, Denitrification, Nitrification, Oxic, Treatment, Wastewater, Wastewater Treatment

Tamaura, Y., Katsura, T., Rojarayanont, S., Yoshida, T. and Abe, H. (1991), Ferrite process; heavy metal ions treatment system. Water Science and Technology, 23 (10-12) 1893-1900.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Sci Tec23, 1893.pdf

Abstract: The principle of the “Ferrite Process”, heavy metal ions treatment system, and the practically operated systems are presented. In the “Ferrite Process”, the heavy metal ions are incorporated into the lattice points of the ferrites in the course of the formation of the spinel structure by the oxidation of the Fe(II) ions. The ferrite formation reaction proceeds in two paths depending on the reaction pH; 1) the green rust path (pH 7-10), and 2) the γ-FeO(OH) path (pH 10.5-11). The mole ratio of the heavy metal ions incorporated into the lattice points to the Fetotal in the ferrites depends on the reaction pH and the mol ratio of the heavy metal ions in the reaction solution and to the Fe(II) ions added to the reaction solution. Ferrite Process is now practically adopted to the treatment of the laboratory waste waters at the universities and the institutes in Japan, to the treatment of the plating waste waters, and to the treatment of branching mine drainage waters. Since the ferrite sludge has a strong magnetic property, it is reused as a useful magnetic material.

Keywords: Ferrite, Ferrite Process, Waste Waters, Heavy Metal Ions, Mine Drainage Waters, Plating Waste Waters

Arar, A. (1991), Wastewater reuse for irrigation in the near east region. Water Science and Technology, 23 (10-12), 2127-2134.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Sci Tec23, 2127.pdf

Abstract: Limited water supplies available in many countries of the Near East has led to a growing interest in the rational use of this increasingly important resource. Because wastewater irrigation ensures the reuse of resources and achieves better treatment of wastewater, plans have recently been formulated for large-scale use of this non-conventional source of water. Consequently, in several countries of the Near East Region, wastewater reuse in agriculture is an accomplished and accepted fact, with a high degree of social and political commitment. Intensive and direct reuse is being practised in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Libya, the United Arab Emirates and Tunisia. Direct, but unsupervised reuse is being practised in Yemen Arab Republic, Morocco and Syria. All forms of wastewater reuse is practised in Egypt. Indirect and direct restricted reuse is practised in Jordan. However, given the health and environmental hazards associated with reuse of wastewater, the formalization of wastewater treatment and reuse in all countries is urgent. Furthermore, in most countries poor coordination amongst the different agencies concerned with water supply, wastewater treatment, irrigation, public health and the environment is a key constraint for further wastewater reuse.

Kuribayashi, S. (1991), Reuse of treated wastewater in an artificial stream (Seseragi) in Kawasaki City, Japan. Water Science and Technology, 23 (10-12), 2209-2214.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Sci Tec23, 2209.pdf

Abstract: Kawasaki City intends to reuse treated wastewater from a sewage treatment plant as the water source for an artificial stream (called a ‘seseragi’) in the Kawasaki Aqua-promenade which is to be constructed on the riverbed of the dried-up River Egawa. This paper describes the results of a study on the acceptability as the stream source of four types of treated wastewater. Short streams built in the Kase Sewage Treatment Center were used for the experiments. Stream water quality requirements include factors affecting appearance, public health, and existence of aquatic life. In other words, growth of attached algae should be inhibited, pathogenic organisms should be at an acceptable level (as indicated by number of coliform bacteria), and the stream should be a suitable habitat for fish. In this paper, the acceptability of the treated wastewater is discussed from these three points of view. Four types of treated wastewater were investigated, i.e., effluents from a conventional activated sludge process, a biological phosphate removal process, a biological phosphate removal process with post chlorination (addition of sodium hypochlorite), and a biological phosphate removal process with post ozonation. It was concluded that treated wastewater from the biological phosphate removal process with post ozonation was the most suitable as the water source of the artificial stream (‘seseragi’), when the three requirements mentioned above were considered in conjunction with the influence of the disinfection method on the aquatic environment.

? Grau, P. (1991), Textile-industry wastewaters treatment. Water Science and Technology, 24 (1), 97-103.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Sci Tec24, 97.pdf

Abstract: Effective water and waste management strategies enable us to decrease water consumption and pollution load of wastewaters. Typical examples of low-waste technologies are lanolin recovery in wool scouring, hydroxide recovery in cotton mercerizing, recovery of synthetic sizes and reuse of dye baths.

Wastewaters are treated by a sequence of physical-chemical and biological processes. Traditionally, coagulation/flocculation (C/F) has been favored as the first treatment step followed by biological treatment as the second step. More recently a reverse sequence of treatment has been utilized in several cases with success.

Novel technologies have been developed such as catalytic oxidation, decoloration by ozone, adsorption/desorption. Their practical use is, however, still rare.

Joint treatment with municipal wastewaters has been favored wherever possible.

Keywords: Water Consumption, Water and Waste-Water Management Strategies, Physical Chemical Treatment, Biological Treatment, Decoloration, Regeneration

? Rose, J.B. and Gerba, C.P. (1991), Use of risk assessment for development of microbial standards. Water Science and Technology, 24 (2), 29-34.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Sci Tec24, 29.pdf

Abstract: A single-hit exponential model and a beta-distributed ‘infectivity probability’ model were used to evaluate the potential health risks from drinking water containing low levels of protozoan cysts and viruses, respectively. The models were based on dose response curves developed from human feeding studies and assumed consumption of 2 L/day. The US EPA has suggested that one infection/10,000/year is an acceptable risk for infectious agents acquired through potable water. Based on this risk, acceptable levels of viruses and cysts were determined using the probability models. Thus poliovirus and rotavirus levels should not be more than 0.1 and 0.3 pfu/100L respectively per day. Giardia levels should be below 0.2 cysts/100L. To achieve a 1: 10,000 annual risk, the geometric average should not exceed 10^-3 organisms/100L. As monitoring treated water for these levels would be difficult, source waters may be monitored. Geometric averages of 1-100 organisms/100L require 3-5 logs of treatment reduction to achieve the 1: 10,000 risk. The risk models for viruses and protozoa can be used to evaluate the occurrence of pathogens in source water and determine the appropriate treatment needed to obtain specific levels of safety for drinking water.

Keywords: Risk Assessment, Giardia, Enteric Viruses, Probability of Infection, Drinking Water Treatment

Helmer, R., Hespanhol, I. and Saliba, L.J. (1991), Public health criteria for the aquatic environment: Recent who guidelines and their application. Water Science and Technology, 24 (2), 35-42.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Sci Tec24, 35.pdf

Abstract: Over the past Decade, the World Health Organization has developed a series of microbiological guidelines covering different aspects of the aquatic environment. Transmission pathways of human pathogens from their faecal origin back to man via drinking-water, bathing waters, shellfish and sewage-irrigated crops were investigated and epidemiology-based health criteria established. The total and faecal coliform guideline values for drinking-water are generally complied with in urban water supplies but difficult to meet in rural areas of developing countries. The Mediterranean serves as the major study area for assessing health risks from bathing in coastal waters and from the consumption of shellfish eaten uncooked. Wastewater reuse for crop irrigation is rapidly expanding due to water shortages but poses health risks to farm workers and consumers. New guidelines for control of helminths were recently issued by a WHO Scientific Group. A comparative evaluation of the above guidelines follows.

Asano, T. (1991), Planning and implementation of water reuse projects. Water Science and Technology, 24 (9), 1-10.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Sci Tec24, 1.pdf

Abstract: As the demand for water increases, water reuse has become an increasingly important source of water in many parts of the world, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. In this paper, categories of water reuse are identified, and planning methodologies and economics for wastewater reclamation and reuse are discussed, emphasizing implementation. Special attention is paid to tertiary treatment systems which produce essentially pathogen-free effluent for variety of uses including irrigation of parks, school yards, and golf courses as well as groundwater recharge in the urban environment.

Takahashi, M. (1991), Guidelines for environmental enhancement in Japan. Water Science and Technology, 24 (9), 133-142.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Sci Tec24, 133.pdf

Abstract: New guidelines of water reuse for environmental enhancement have been established in Japan. There are two categories in the guidelines. One is aesthetical setting without public access, the other is limited contact use including shoreline usage, boating and fishing. We do not consider direct contact use such as swimming and bathing. Two groups of guidelines were set. One group comprised basic guidelines which are not site specific, based on public health and visual appeal. We call these ‘Basic Guidelines’. The numerical guidelines for total coliform, BOD, SS, turbidity, and color unit are determined in the Basic Guidelines. On the other hand, hydraulic and biological characteristics of environment enhancement differ according to the site, purposes, climate and so on. Consideration of the characteristic of each site should be paid carefully. We call such considerations as ‘Guidelines Depending on Type of Use’. The site-specific water quality index such as T-P, T-N, foaming substances are discussed here.

Setti, H. (1991), Incinerator of chlorinated hydrocarbons solid wastes. Water Science and Technology, 24 (12), 19-24.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Sci Tec24, 19.pdf

Abstract: Fifteen years ago our Company bought an old factory of chlorinated products. Later our Company found that solid chlorinated residues had been thrown in to a completely inadequate soil.

After having determined the sites contaminated several solutions were thought through: artificial deposits, old granite mines, etc., none of them adequate. Finally the incineration process was chosen and approved by authorities. Today the installation is built and operates according to requirements.

Keywords: Incineration, Organochlorinated Residues

D’Avila, J.S., Matos, C.M., Cavalcanti, M.R., Andrade, J. and Marques, J. (1991), A new methodology to obtain a reduction of the heavy metal concentration in waste originated in solid residues, “Chorume”. Water Science and Technology, 24 (12), 159-164.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Sci Tec24, 159.pdf

? Maliou, E., Malamis, M. and Sakellarides, P.O. (1992), Lead and cadmium removal by ion exchange. Water Science and Technology, 25 (1), 133-138.

Full Text: 1992\Wat Sci Tec25, 133.pdf

Abstract: The ion exchange properties of the zeolites can be used to remove certain ions from the effluents.

In this work a natural clinoptilolite has been examined systematically in order to evaluate whether this low cost mineral can be employed for the removal of the metals lead and cadmium which are very toxic, even at very low concentrations.

Studies were performed under various conditions such as presence of different cations (Pb, Cd, Na), zeolite grain size, solution temperature. The results obtained indicate that the size of the zeolite does not affect the actual metal uptake at the equilibrium point, but the metal removal is greatly affected when the contact of the solid/liquid phases is short, a very essential parameter for the waste water treatment. For a short contact time the metal quantities removed using small grain size is nearly doubled. The same pattern is followed at higher temperatures, though a slight increase is observed for both zeolite grain sizes and both metals, lead and cadmium. At equilibrium half of the theoretical exchange capacity of the zeolite is used, approximately 1.4 meq/g for lead and 1.1 meq/g for cadmium.

The kinetic curves show very clearly the selectivity of the zeolite for the Pb ions but also significant amounts of cadmium are removed as well.

Keywords: Ion Exchange, Zeolite, Clinoptilolite, Heavy Metal Removal, Water Treatment, Clinoptilolite

Diamadopoulos, E., Samaras, P. and Sakellaropoulos, G.P. (1992), The effect of activated carbon properties on the adsorption of toxic substances. Water Science and Technology, 25 (1), 153-160.

Full Text: 1992\Wat Sci Tec25, 153.pdf

Abstract: The objectives of this work were to relate the activated carbon properties to its adsorptive capacity. The activated carbon needed was produced in the lab from Greek lignite coal. Subsequently, adsorption studies were performed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the various activated carbons to remove toxic substances from water. Two organic substances were used. These were phenol and fulvic acid. Additionally, the adsorption of arsenic(V) was, also, investigated. It was found that the adsorptive capacity of the activated carbons depended primarily on the ash content and the compound. The capacity of the carbon to remove phenol, expressed as mg of phenol removed per g of activated carbon (carbon loading), decreased linearly as the amount of ash in the activated carbon increased. Ash-free activated carbons could adsorb 4 times as much phenol as the activated carbons with a high ash content. On the other hand, fulvic acid and arsenic adsorbed poorly on the ash-free activated carbons. Even for the high surface area activated carbons (over 1000 m²/g), the quantity of fulvic acid or arsenic adsorbed was significantly less than that exhibited by the high ash activated carbons (maximum surface area measured hardly exceeded 300 m²/g). As the amount of ash in the carbon increased, the carbon loading increased as well, up to a certain level, beyond which the amount of ash played no significant role. The beneficial role of ash was explained by the ability of the fulvic acid and arsenic to interact with metal oxides and metal ions, which constitute a significant fraction of the ash.

Keywords: Adsorption, Activated Carbon, Phenol, Fulvic Acid, Arsenic, Adsorbents, Removal, Water

? McFarland, M.J., Qiu, X.J., Sims, J.L., Randolph, M.E. and Sims, R.C. (1992), Remediation of petroleum impacted soils in fungal compost bioreactors. Water Science and Technology, 25 (3), 197-206.

Full Text: 1992\Wat Sci Tec25, 197.pdf

Abstract: The ability of the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium to enhance the biotransformation of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) in contaminated soils was evaluated in compost bioreactors. RadiolabelledC-14 and chemical mass balances were used to evaluate: 1) rate of disappearance of test compound; 2) mineralization; 3) formation of bound contaminant residue; and 4) treatment costs.

Mineralization of B(a)P was found to be insignificant over the duration of test period. Moreover, no radioactivity was recovered in volatile organic traps indicating that transformation of B(a)P resulted in chemicals intermediates that remained associated witfi the compost matrix.

Bound contaminant residue formation was found to be the major mechanism of B(a)P removal accounting for nearly 100% of the contaminant loss from the solvent extract (methylene chloride/acetone). A maximum rate of bound contaminant removal of 1.36 mg B(a)P/Kg soil-day was estimated in fungal inoculated system over the first thirty days of treatment. This was significantly different from the maximum rate of bound residue formation estimated in the noninoculated systems (0.83 mg B(a)P/Kg soil-day) over the same time period. After thirty days, the rate of bound residue formation decreased to near zero in the inoculated system while remaining constant in the noninoculated reactors. The decrease in bound residue formation coincided with decline in benzo(a)pyrene removal. Data suggest that fungal activity may have been reduced over time by nutrient limitation.

Keywords: Hazardous Waste, Benzo (a) Pyrene, Soil Remediation, Biotransformation, White Rot Fungus, Phanerochaete-Chrysosporium, Extracellular Ligninases, Veratryl Alcohol, Mycobacterium sp, Radical Cations, Degradation, Benzo(a)Pyrene, Biodegradation, Oxidation

Squires, R.C. (1992), Removal of heavy metals from industrial effluent by crossflow microfiltration. Water Science and Technology,