Title: Water Science and Technology: Water Supply

Title: Water Science and Technology: Water Supply

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ISSN: 1606-9749

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Ouvrard, S., Simonnot, M.O. and Sardin, M. (2001), Removal of arsenate from drinking water with a natural manganese oxide in the presence of competing anions. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 1 (2), 167-173.

Full Text: W\Wat Sci Tec Wat Sup1, 167.pdf

Abstract: The efficiency of arsenic removal from drinking water in adsorption processes using natural oxides may be influenced by the presence of other adsorbable anions. The present paper focuses on the study of arsenate adsorption by a natural manganese oxide. The objective is to determine which of the anions usually present in drinking water may be adsorbed: hydrogen carbonate, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, phosphate and arsenate. A kinetic batch experiment was conducted with a natural drinking water, leading to a first qualitative selection: nitrate and chloride have little interaction with the adsorbent, sulfate and hydrogen carbonate are adsorbed while phosphate and arsenate are strongly adsorbed. Then column experiments were run with aqueous solutions containing either chloride, sulfate, etc. The previous trends were confirmed and the equilibrium isotherms of the adsorbable anions were built by integration of the breakthrough curves. The isotherms fitted with a Langmuir model showed that the capacitieswere low (a few μmol.g^-1). The affinity order was determined from the isotherm initial slopes: arsenate &Gt, phosphate > hydrogen carbonate &bcong, sulfate. Given the strong affinity of the adsorbent for arsenate and the low arsenate concentration in drinking water, the process selectivity for As traces from drinking water is ensured.

Karschunke, K. and Jekel, M. (2002), Arsenic removal by iron hydroxides, produced by enhanced corrosion of iron. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 2 (2), 237-245.

Full Text: W\Wat Sci Tec Wat Sup2, 237.pdf

Abstract: Results of lab-scale experiments for arsenic removal from drinking water are presented. Arsenate(V)-ions were adsorbed on ferric hydroxides which were formed in-situ by corrosion of elemental iron in oxygenated water. Natural corrosion of fine iron wool was suitable to remove effectively high but realistic arsenic concentrations of 500 μg/L from drinking water. As the corrosion rate decreased significantly in time, two different methods to enhance the corrosion were tested and evaluated: galvanic corrosion using iron-copper contact elements and the application of an external voltage. The iron-copper contact elements showed promising results (a high and stable corrosion rate) but were bearing the risk of copper release when the contact broke down. The application of voltage led to an enhanced release of iron-ions but was coupled with a cathodic formation of hydrogen from water. The generation of hydrogen is a very undesirable effect for any practical application. Irrespective of the mode of corrosion, a post-treatment step (sand filtration) was required to remove the arsenic loaded rust particles from the effluent. In the final effluent, drinking water quality was reached by all the methods.

Sublet, R., Boireau, A., Yang, V.X., Simonnot, M.O. and Autugelle, C. (2002), Lead removal from drinking water - development and validation of point-of-use treatment devices. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 2 (5-6), 209-216.

Full Text: W\Wat Sci Tec Wat Sup2, 209.pdf

Abstract: Two lead removal water filters were developed to lower lead levels in drinking water below 10 g.L^-1 in order to meet the new regulation given by the European Directive 98-83, applicable in December 2013. An appropriate adsorbent was selected through a stringent research program among a wide range of media, and is composed of a synthetic zeolite and an activated carbon. Two prototypes were developed: the first is a faucet-mounted filter which contains a fixed bed of the adsorbent and a hollow fiber bundle, while the second is an under-sink cartridge made of a porous extruded block of carbon and adsorbent. Both are able to treat at least 1,000 litres of any water containing on average 100 to 150 g Pb.L^-1, by lowering the lead concentration below 10 g.L^-1. Once their safety considerations were addressed by an independent laboratory according to the French Ministry of Health recommendations, 20 prototypes were installed at consumers’ taps in northeastern France. Their performance in terms of lead removal, HPC control and bad taste and odor reduction was followed for 6 months. This field testing program resulted in the validation of both prototypes which meet the new French Ministry of Health recommendations and assures that the filtered water is fully ED 98-83 compliant. Their commercialization will be launched first in France in middle 2002.

Reddad, Z., Gérente, C., Andrès, Y. and Le Cloirec, P. (2002), Comparison of the fixation of several metal ions onto a low-cost biopolymer. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 2 (5-6), 217-224.

Full Text: W\Wat Sci Tec Wat Sup2, 217.pdf

Abstract: In the present work, sugar beet pulp, a common waste from the sugar refining industry, was studied in the removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions. The ability of this cheap biopolymer to sorb several metals namely Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Ni²⁺ in aqueous solutions was investigated. The metal fixation capacities of the sorbent were determined according to operating conditions and the fixation mechanisms were identified. The biopolymer has shown high elimination rates and interesting metal fixation capacities. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model was tested to investigate the adsorption mechanisms. The kinetic parameters of the model were calculated and discussed. For 810^-4 M initial metal concentration, the initial sorption rates (v₀) ranged from 0.063 mmol.g^-1.min^-1 for Pb²⁺ to 0.275 mmol.g^-1.min^-1 for Ni²⁺ ions, with the order: Ni²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Pb²⁺. The equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model and showed the following affinity order of the material: Pb²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Ni²⁺. Then, the kinetic and equilibrium parameters calculated q_m and v₀ were tentatively correlated to the properties of the metals. Finally, equilibrium experiments in multimetallic systems were performed to study the competition of the fixation of Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Ni²⁺ cations. In all cases, the metal fixation onto the biopolymer was found to be favourable in multicomponent systems. Based on these results, it is demonstrated that this biosorbent represents a low-cost solution for the treatment of metal-polluted wastewaters.