Title: Wisconsin Medical Journal

Title: Wisconsin Medical Journal

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JCR Abbreviated Title: Wis Med J

ISSN: 0043-6542

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Language: English

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: Impact Factor

? Kreul, W. (1960), Regional anesthesia for increasing obstetrical patient safety. Wisconsin Medical Journal, 59 (15), 370-373.

Keyword: Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Obstetrical

Title: Wkly Epidemiol Rec

Full Text: VACCINES: Wkly Epidemiol Rec

Title: Women & Health

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JCR Abbreviated Title:

ISSN: 0363-0242

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: Impact Factor

? Andsager, J.L., Hust, S.J.T. and Powers, A. (2000), Patient-blaming and representation of risk factors in breast cancer images. Women & Health, 31 (2-3), 57-79.

Full Text: 2000\Wom Hea31, 57.pdf

Abstract: Media coverage of some cancers in the past often equated cancer with a death sentence. Breast cancer coverage in 1990s magazines, however, has become less fatalistic, more frequent, and discusses a broader range of issues than before. This study examined whether the visual images accompanying magazine articles about breast cancer have also evolved. We used Goffman’s (1976) rituals of subordination to measure patient-blaming acid subordinating disempowering images. We also analyzed race, ethnicity, body type, and age of females in the images to gauge whether these demographic risk factors were represented in a random sample of images from nine magazines over a 30-year period. Magazines analyzed represented three genres-women’s magazines. fashion, beauty, and general news. Findings suggest that patient-blaming images have decreased in some categories and women portrayed are slightly more representative of risk factors of age and race, ethnicity. Magazine images tended to reinforce stereotyped portrayals of femininity to the detriment of cancer patients. Fashion, beauty magazines, aimed at younger women, were most likely to portray breast cancer images in stereotyped. patient-blaming ways. with the least representative images of risk factors. The social construction of feminine beauty seems to overpower accuracy in creating these images.

Keywords: Accuracy, Age, Breast Cancer, Cancer, Construction, Coverage, Death, General, Patients, Random Sample, Representation, Risk, Risk Factors, Social, Women

Title: Wood and Fiber Science

ISO Abbreviated Title: Wood Fiber Sci.

JCR Abbreviated Title: Wood Fiber Sci

ISSN: 0735-6161

Issues/Year: 4

Journal Country/Territory: United States

Language: English

Publisher: Soc Wood Sci Technol

Publisher Address: One Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705

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Forestry: Impact Factor 0.560 (2003)

Materials Science, Paper & Wood: Impact Factor 0.560 (2003)

Materials Science, Textiles: Impact Factor 0.560 (2003)

? Conner, A.H. (1984), Kinetic modeling of hardwood prehydrolysis. Part I. Xylan removal by water prehydrolysis. Wood and Fiber Science, 16 (2), 268-277.

Full Text: 1984\Woo Fib Sci16, 268.pdf

Abstract: The kinetics of xylan removal from quaking aspen, paper birch, American elm, and red maple by water prehydrolysis (autohydrolysis) was reevaluated, and additional data for the water prehydrolysis of southern red oak were obtained. Xylan removal from these hardwood species can be modeled kinetically as the sum of two parallel first-order reactions—one fast and one slow. The rate constant for the fast reaction is highly correlated with the rate constant for the slow reaction for all species studied. The rate constant for initial xylan removal usually reported in the literature is actually a complex function of the rate constants for both the fast and slow reactions and is based solely on the initial data points. This paper presents an improved method for modeling xylan removal that allows modeling throughout the course of its reactions. The reason there are two different rates of xylan removal can be more easily explained on the basis of accessibility rather than any variability in the polymeric structure of the xylan being removed. Thus, the slow rate may be due to a portion of the xylan being embedded within or attached to the lignin via lignin-carbohydrate bonds.

Keywords: Xylan, Prehydrolysis, Water Prehydrolysis, Autohydrolysis, Kinetics, Hardwoods, Aspen, Populus Tremuloides, Birch, Betula Papyrifera, ELM, Ulmus Americana, Maple, Acer Rubrum, Southern Red Oak, Quercus Falcata

? Conner, A.H., Libkie, K. and Springer, E.L. (1985), Kinetic modeling of hardwood prehydrolysis. Part II. Xylan removal by dilute hydrochloric acid prehydrolysis. Wood and Fiber Science, 17 (4), 540-548.

Full Text: 1985\Woo Fib Sci17, 540.pdf

Abstract: Knowledge of prehydrolysis kinetics has applicability to the design, development, and modeling of processes to separate wood into its basic chemical constituents (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). The kinetics of xylan hemicellulose removal with 0.10 M HCl at 120 C from quaking aspen, paper birch, American elm, red maple, and southern red oak was studied. The mathematical model developed in Part I to describe the kinetics of xylan removal by water prehydrolysis of these species could be used to model xylan removal with dilute hydrochloric acid. Xylan removal could thus be modeled as the sum of two parallel first-order reactions—one fast and one slow. However, unlike the case with water prehydrolysis where the rate constants for the fast (k_f) and slow (k_s) reaction processes could be correlated with each other, they could not be correlated for HCl prehydrolysis. Instead the k_f and k_s values determined for each species clustered about average k_f and k_s values for all the species as a whole. A single set of parameters determined from a nonlinear least squares fit of the experimental prehydrolysis data for all the species as a whole to the model could be used to reasonably describe the course of xylan removal from all the species. The fact that one set of parameters could be used suggests that the same reactions are taking place on prehydrolysis and that the chemical structure and physical morphology of the xylan hemicellulose were essentially the same in the species studied and probably in all temperate hardwood species. The model thus provides a good approximation of xylan removal from any temperate hardwood with dilute hydrochloric acid at the reaction conditions studied.

Keywprds: Xylan, Prehydrolysis, Hydrochloric Acid, Kinetics, Hardwoods, Aspen (Populus Tremuloides), Birch (Betula Papyrifera), Elm (Ulmus Americana), Maple (Acer Rubrum), Southern Red Oak (Quercus Falcata)

? Conner, A.H. and Lorenz, L.F. (1986), Kinetic modeling of hardwood prehydrolysis. Part III. Water and dilute acetic acid prehydrolysis of southern red oak. Wood and Fiber Science, 18 (2), 248-263.

Full Text: 1986\Woo Fib Sci18, 248.pdf

Abstract: The hemicelluloses in wood are more readily hydrolyzed than is cellulose. Because it is advantageous to process the hemicellulose sugars separately from the glucose obtained from the cellulose, most processes for utilizing wood as a source of chemicals and liquid fuels include a prehydrolysis step to remove the hemicellulose prior to the main hydrolysis of the cellulose to glucose. Kinetic data are required to model the reactions that occur during prehydrolysis so that optimum conditions and product mixes can be predicted. Two promising prehydrolysis methods, the Iotech steam explosion process and the Stake process, are based on water prehydrolysis (autohydrolysis). The kinetics of water and of dilute (5%) acetic acid prehydrolysis of southern red oak wood over the temperature range of 170 to 240 C were investigated. Kinetic parameters were determined that permitted modeling not only of xylan removal from the wood but also of the occurrence of xylan oligosaccharides, free xylose, furfural, and further degradation products in the prehydrolyzate. At lower temperatures (approximately 170 to 200 C), xylan removal could be modeled as the sum of two parallel reactions (one for an easily hydrolyzed portion and one for a more resistant portion of xylan) using the equation derived in Part I. At the highest temperature studied (236.9 C), the removal of xylan from the wood was best modeled as a single reaction with a small fraction of the xylan being essentially nonreactive. The occurrence of xylan oligosaccharides, xylose, furfural, and further degradation products in the prehydrolyzate was modeled as consecutive, irreversible pseudo first-order reactions. A timelag associated with the depolymerization of the xylan oligosaccharides to xylose was accounted for in the model by allowing the apparent rate constant for the formation of xylose to increase exponentially with time to a maximum value. Increasing the temperature decreased the time required for the overall reactions to occur, increased the portion of xylan removed from the wood, and increased the yield of total anhydroxylose units (xylose + xylan oligosaccharides) that were recovered in the prehydrolyzate. Prehydrolysis with dilute acetic acid does not greatly affect the maximum yields of products in the prehydrolyzate over those observed with water prehydrolysis, however, the time to maximum yield decreased. The data presented in this report indicate that, at higher temperatures, water or dilute acetic acid prehydrolysis gives yields comparable to those for dilute sulfuric acid prehydrolysis at 170 C recently reported in the literature. Preliminary results with lignin isolated from the water and acetic acid prehydrolysis residues confirm recent reports that lignins of this type are useful as phenol substitutes in phenolformaldehyde adhesives.

Keywords: Prehydrolysis, Autohydrolysis, Water Prehydrolysis, Acetic Acid Prehydrolysis, Kinetics, Modeling, Southern Red Oak, Quercus Falcata Michx

? Wolcott, M.P. and Shutler, E.L. (2003), Temperature and moisture influence on compression recovery behavior of wood. Wood and Fiber Science, 35 (4), 540-551.

Full Text: 2003\Woo Fib Sci35, 540.pdf

Abstract: The primary limitation of non-veneer wood composites for applications in moist environments is dimensional instability. Thickness instabilities from moisture absorption primarily result from damaged cell structures that recover upon absorption of moisture. Previous research has shown that manipulating the pressing parameters involved in the manufacture of non-veneer wood composites (i.e., temperature and moisture) can lead to a more dimensionally stable product. However, the precise phenomena controlling these changes are not fully defined. To understand development of pressing- induced damage, the large strain, compression-recovery behavior of wood and polyurethane (PUR) foam (i.e., as a model system) was studied at a variety of compression temperatures spanning the glassy to rubber transition. The behavior is then related to polymer phase transitions to discern the role of viscoelastic behavior in damage evolution. The elastic modulus (E) and yield stress (sigma(y)) were used to characterize the elastic region of compression, whereas fractional recovery (R) and dissipated energy (E) represented the inelastic component. The PUR foam displayed a distinct glassy plateau region dominated by E, sigma(y), and DeltaE as well as low R. Wood with 22 and 12% MC behaved similarly to the elastomeric PUR foam, however, limits on environmental control prevented testing in the rubbery regime for the 12% MC samples. The E and sigma(y) also decreased with increasing compression temperature for oven-dried yellow-poplar. However, in contrast to yellow- poplar with either 12 or 22% MC, an increase in E was accompanied by a decrease in R with increasing compression temperature of the oven-dried yellow-poplar. An apparent change in mechanism occurs when compressing wood at high temperatures without moisture present. This change was attributed to kinetic effects such as thermal degradation or crosslinking reactions.

Keywords: Biomass Pretreatment, Compression, Cork, Extraction, Glass-Transition Temperature, Hardwoods, Hydrolysis, Pressing, Recovery, Relaxation, Springback