Vera de Villiers (mezzo-soprano)

[a] GLINKA A Life for the Tsar : Act IV Vanya’s aria 2EA1410-11

[b] GLINKA A Life for the Tsar : Act III Vanya’s aria 2EA1412

[c] BORODIN Prince Igor : Konchakovna’s Cavatina 2EA1413

[d] A.COATES Evening 2EA1414

[e] A.COATES A Child’s Lullaby to her Doll 2EA1415

78rpm: [a-e] (Mar35) GS14-16.

CD: [abc] (Sep95) Claremont CDGSE785061,

[c] (’09) Historic Recordings PAGCD0021 private issue.

>0150 DECCA

[a] 3 Mar 1935 Thames Street Studios

[b] (Nov?) 1935 Scala Theatre

H.G.Wells wanted the music to be an integral part of the film, not a later addition, so [a] was recorded prior to shooting. As the film evolved, revisions to the music were necessary and, since the Denham sound-stages were still under construction, Mathieson conducted fourteen sessions in the theatre.

[a] Arthur Bliss / [b] Muir Mathieson

[a] Decca’s recording sheet identifies the ensemble (string strength 8,6,6,4,4) as “The London Film Symphony Orchestra” but, before publishing excerpts, they asked permission to name the orchestra on the record labels. The Minute Book (20 Dec 35) noted that “Although the L.S.O. was not engaged for this work some 75% of the orchestra’s players took part and under the circumstances the Board felt they were justified in granting the request.”

[a] BLISS Things to Come - film music TA1725-34

[b] : March & Epilogue GA7686-87

[b] these matrices were transferred from the film soundtrack on 18 Feb 1936.

78rpm: [(a)] (Feb36) K810-11 [1726/28/31/32],

[b] (Apr36) K817;

[(a)b] American Decca 25606-8.

CD: [(a)] (Jun95) Dutton CDLXT2501 [1726/28/31/32],

[(a)b] (Sep97) Symposium 1203 [1726/28/31/32],

[(a)] (Aug00) Pearl GEM0101 [1725-32],

[(a)b] (Mar02) Naxos 8 120597 [1726/28/31/32].

VHS: (’83) Polygram 790 245.2,

(Mar97) Carlton 30074 0091.3.

DVD video: (May07) Network 2DVD set 7952504.

>0151 DECCA

[a] 14, [abc] 15 & [cd] 16 Oct 1935 Thames Street Studios

Hamilton Harty

led by George Stratton

[a] HAYDN Symphony No.95 in C minor TA1977-80

[b] HANDEL-Harty Suite in five movements TA1981-84

[c] BERLIOZ Le Roi Lear - Overture Op.4 TA1985-87

[d] BERLIOZ Les Troyens : Marche troyenne TA1988

78rpm: [cd] (Dec35) K792-93; American Decca 25539-40,

[b] (Dec35) K795-96; American Decca 25610-11,

[a] (Sep36) K798-99; American Decca 25598-99.

CD: [d] (Mar91) Pearl GEMMCD9485,

[c] (Nov04) Andante 4CD set AN4100,

[cd] (Dec08) Beulah 1PD30,

[a] (Oct09) Haydn House HH2008321 private issue.

Download: [a] Beulah.

>0152 DECCA

Pr: Hubert Foss, “Supervised by the composer”

led by George Stratton

WALTON Symphony No.1 in B flat minor TA2078/83-93

Three movements were first performed, by the same artists, on 3 Dec 34, but

Harty conducted the B.B.C.SO in the first complete performance on 6 Nov 35.

78rpm: (Jan36) X108-13; American Decca 25600-5.

LP: (Nov85) 414 659.1LE.

CD: (Aug93) Dutton CDAX8003,

(May13) Historic Recordings HRCD0203 private issue.

>0153 B.B.C. Studio Recording

led by W.H.Reed

AUSTIN The Sea Venturers - overture

HAYDN Symphony No.102 in B flat

DEBUSSY Prélude à l’après-midi d’un faune

MENDELSSOHN Ruy Blas - Overture Op.95

78rpm: According to “London Symphony - Portrait of an Orchestra” (p.148),

“The B.B.C. issued recordings of this concert for sale in aid of

various charities, the Orchestra waiving any recording fee.”

>0154 H.M.V.

28 Oct 1936 Abbey Road Studio 1

Artur & Karl Ulrich Schnabel (pianos), Adrian Boult

[a] MOZART Double Piano Concerto No.10 in E flat K365 2EA4097-02

[b] BACH Double Piano Concerto in C BWV1061 2EA4103-8

78rpm: [a] (Jan37) DB3033-35 = auto DB8216-18;

Victor set 484 = 15072-74,

[b] (Mar37) DB3041-43 = auto DB8242-44;

Victor set 357 = 14409-11.

LP: [ab] (Aug54) Victor LCT1140,

[a] (US: Nov65) COLH90,

[b] (May74) Rococo RR2060,

[a] (Jly84) 2LP set EX29 0072.3.

CD: [a] (Jan89) Arabesque Z6590,

[b] (Nov89) Pearl GEMMCD9399,

[a] (Dec90) 3CD set CHS7 63703.2,

[a] (Sep98) Pearl 2CD set GEMMS0006,

[b] (’99) Doremi DHR7740,

[b] (Dec99) CDH5 67210.2,

[b] (Apr00) Urania URN22119,

[a] (Sep01) A.D.S. ADSLR104,

[b] (Nov04) Membran Documents 10CD set 205217,

[a] (Mar07) Music & Arts 5CD set CD1193,

[b] (Apr08) Naxos Historical 8 111286,

[a] (Jly08) Naxos Historical 8 111294,

[ab] (Mar09) 8CD set 2 65064.2.

>0155 H.M.V.

13 Nov 1936 Abbey Road Studio 1

Recorded voice of the late Enrico Caruso (tenor),

as “Symphony Orchestra”, Lawrance Collingwood

The HMV recording sheet identifies the orchestra as the LSO.

[a] MASCAGNI Cavalleria rusticana : Addio alla Madre 2EA4125

[b] GOUNOD La Reine de Saba : Inspirez-moi, Race Divine 2EA4126

These added new accompaniments to acoustic recordings made in 1913/16.

78rpm: [a] (Dec36) DB3023, [b] (Mar37) DB3078; [ab] Victor 15732.

CD: [ab] (Aug93) Pearl 2CD set GEMMCDS9030,

[ab] (Nov96) Archiphon ARC116.

>0156 H.M.V.

Pr: Lawrance Collingwood

[a] BRUCH Kol Nidrei Op.47 2EA4153-55

[b] BOCCHERINI-Grützmacher Cello Concerto in B flat 2EA4156-61

[a] Coupled with a Haydn minuet (arranged for cello and piano)

on CJ2300, recorded in Jun 29.

78rpm: [b] (Mar37) DB3056-58 = auto DB8245-47;

Victor set 381 = 14500-2,

[a] (Jun37) DB3063-64; Victor 14842-43.

LP: [ab] (Nov51) Victor LCT1028,

[a] (Sep69) World Record Club SH121,

[b] (Oct70) American Columbia 5LP set M5 30069,

[a] (Feb73) HLM7013 = 1E 047 01384M,

[b] (Dec76) HLM7104 = 0C 153 52475M in 3LP set RLS723.

CD: [ab] (May89) Pearl GEMMCD9349,

[a] (Jun90) CDH7 63498.2,

[ab] (Sep97) Magic Talent CD48072,

[ab] (Nov97) Biddulph LAB144,

[b] (Nov97) Strings QT99320,

[a] (Nov97) Strings QT99329,

[a] (Mar99) Pearl GEM0051,

[ab] (Oct03) Opus Kura OPK2043,

[a] (Apr04) Classica d’Oro CDO4007,

[a] (Sep04) 5 62952.2,

[a] (Jan05) Regis RRC1193,

[ab] (Aug05) Naxos Historical 8 110305,

[ab] (May09) EMI 9CD set 6 94932.2,

[ab] (Aug10) Dutton CDVS1913,

[ab] (Dec12) La Mà de Guido LMG2112.

>0157 H.M.V.

8 Jan 1937 Abbey Road Studio 1

Recorded voice of the late Enrico Caruso (tenor),

as “Orchestra”, Lawrance Collingwood

The HMV recording sheet identifies the orchestra as the LSO.

[a] FRANCK La Procession 2EA4186

[b] FAURE Les Rameaux 2EA4187

[c] GRANIER Hosanna 2EA4188

78rpm: [a] (Mar37) DB3078; [ab] Victor 14744,

[bc] (Apr37) DB3122; [c] Victor 17814.

CD: [abc] (Aug93) Pearl 2CD set GEMMCDS9030.

>0158 H.M.V.

Pr: Lawrance Collingwood

[a] MOZART Piano Concerto No.19 in F K459 2EA4189-93/4602-3

[b] Piano Concerto No.21 in C K467 2EA4604-11

78rpm: [a] (Jly37) DB3095-98s = auto DB8298s-01;

Victor set 389 = 14538-41,

[b] (Nov37) DB3099-02 = auto DB8355-58;

Victor set 486 = 15084-87.

LP: [b] (Nov59) COLH67,

[a] (US: Nov65) COLH90,

[ab] (Mar71) World Record Club SH142.

CD: [ab] (Jan89) Arabesque Z6590-91,

[ab] (Dec90) 3CD set CHS7 63703.2,

[b] (May95) Grammofono 2000 AB78531,

[b] (Sep96) Sirio SO53006,

[b] (Oct96) The Piano Library PL210,

[ab] (Sep98) Pearl 2CD set GEMMS0006,

[a] (Sep01) A.D.S. ADSLR104,

[b] (Nov04) Membran Documents 10CD set 205217,

[ab] (Mar07) Music & Arts 5CD set CD1193,

[b] (Mar09) 8CD set 2 65064.2,

[ab] (Nov09) Bearac BRC733 private issue.

Download: [a] Pristine Classical PASC019.

>0159 H.M.V.

15 Jan 1937 Abbey Road Studio 1

[a] Sigurd Rascher (saxophone), as “Symphony Orchestra”;

[b] as “Light Symphony Orchestra”; Eric Coates

[a] COATES Saxo-Rhapsody 2EA4617-18

[b] Summer Days Suite : excerpts 2EA4619-20

78rpm: [a] (Mar37) C2891; Victor 36375,

[b] (May37) C2901.

45rpm: [a] (Jly63) 7P315.

LP: [a(b)] (Sep86) E.M.I. Golden Age GX41 2543.1.

CD: [ab] (’92) CDP7 99255.2 = CDHMV1,

[a] (Oct92) Pearl GEMMCD9973,

[a] (Apr94) Conifer 2CD set CDHD211-12,

[ab] (Dec06) A.S.V. 2CD set AJD2013,

[ab] (Jly13) Nimbus 7CD set NI6231.

>0160 H.M.V.

Pr: Fred Gaisberg Eng: Arthur Clarke & Edward Fowler

CHOPIN Piano Concerto No.1 in E minor Op.11 2EA4725-32

78rpm: (Jun37) DB3201-4 = auto DB8290-93; Victor set 418 = 14717-20.

LP: (Ger:’74) 1C 053 01172M; (c82) Seraphim 60381.

CD: (Nov92) 2CD set CHS7 64491.2,

(Jly95) Grammofono 2000 AB78554,

(May96) Magic Talent CD48012,

(Jly96) The Piano Library PL197,

(Oct96) Iron Needle IN1345,

(Dec98) Radio Years RY101,

(Oct99) R.C.A. 2CD set 09026 63005.2,

(Dec99) Memoir Classics CDMOIR450,

(Sep01) A.D.S. ADSLR102,

(Apr10) Profil 8CD set PH10037.

Download: Beulah.

>0161 H.M.V.

[a] SAINT-SAËNS Havanaise Op.83 2EA4744-45

[b] SARASATE Zigeunerweisen Op.20/1 2EA4746-47

78rpm: [a] (Nov37) DB3211; Victor 15347,

[b] (Sep37) DB3212; Victor 15246.

LP: [ab] (Jun75) R.C.A. 4LP set ARM4 0945,

[ab] (Oct87) 2LP set EX7 49375.1.

CD: [ab] (Sep90) Biddulph LAB025-26,

[ab] (May92) CDH7 64251.2,

[ab] (Nov94) R.C.A. 65CD set 09026 61778.2,

[ab] (Mar96) R.C.A. 2CD set 09026 61735.2,

[a] (Oct94) Grammofono 2000 AB78511,

[b] (Jly95) Grammofono 2000 AB78547,

[ab] (Aug95) Pearl 2CD set GEMMCDS9167,

[ab] (Jan01) Naxos Historical 8 110943,

[a] (Sep08) E.M.I. 6CD set 2 17312.2.

>0162 H.M.V.

as “Symphony Orchestra”, Walter Goehr

“Nights at the Ballet No.4” a medley of themes from:

RIMSKY-KORSAKOV Scheherazade Op.35 2EA5864

BORODIN Prince Igor : Polovtsian Dances ”

TCHAIKOVSKY Swan Lake Op.20 : Scene ”

SCHUMANN-Glazunov Carnaval Op.9 : Chopin 2EA5865

CHOPIN Les Sylphides : Waltz in E flat Op.18 ”

BIZET Jeux d’enfants : Galop ”

78rpm: (Feb38) C2983.

>0163 DECCA

Pr: Hubert Foss

6 Dec 1937 Thames Street Studios

Frederick Riddle (viola), William Walton

WALTON Viola Concerto DTA3393-98

78rpm: (Feb38) X199-201; American Decca set 8 = 29043-45.

CD: (Aug93) Dutton CDAX8003,

(Jly02) Pearl GEM0171.

>0164 COLUMBIA

Pr: Lawrance Collingwood

[ab] 14 Feb & [c] 2 Mar 1938 Abbey Road Studio 1

Felix Weingartner

[a] BRAHMS Symphony No.4 in E minor Op.98 CAX8174-83

[b] BEETHOVEN Leonore Overture No.2 Op.72 CAX8184-87

[c] BEETHOVEN Symphony No.2 in D Op.36 CAX8204-11

78rpm: [a] (Apr38) LX705-9 = auto LX8377-81; set M335 = 69219-23D,

[b] (May38) LX712-13; set X96 = 69198-99D,

[c] (Sep38) LX725-28 = auto LX8388-91; set M377 = 69661-64D.

LP: [c] (Apr52) American Columbia ML4502,

[a] (Apr52) American Columbia ML4513,

[b] (Apr53) American Columbia ML4647,

[c] (Dec56) American Columbia RL6637 in 7LP set E7L55,

[c] (Apr58) American Columbia HL7091,

[a] (May60) American Columbia HL7249;

[b] (Dec75) H.M.V. HLM7072 = 0C 147 01759M in 3LP set RLS717,

[b] (Mar79) Turnabout THS65147.

CD: [a] (May92) 2CD set CHS7 64256.2,

[a] (Aug92) Centaur CRC2128,

[a] (Apr96) 7CD set CMS5 65915.2,

[c] (Jly96) Dante LYS095,

[a] (’96) Iron Needle IN1332,

[b] (Jly97) Iron Needle IN1361,

[c] (Nov96) Grammofono 2000 AB78659, also in set AB78012-16,

[a] (Feb98) Arkadia 1CD78516,

[a] (Nov99) Grammofono 2000 AB78764-65,

[b] (’99) Grammofono 2000 2CD set AB78856,

[a] (Jun02) Andante 4CD set 99487 1973.2,

[bc] (Nov02) Naxos Historical 8 110856,

[c] (Sep03) 2CD set 5 75965.2,

[a] (May06) A.S.V. 2CD set AJD2009.

Download: [a] Pristine Classical PASC334.

>0165 H.M.V.

Pr: Lawrance Collingwood Eng: Arthur Clarke

9 May 1938 Abbey Road Studio 1

Eugene Goossens

[a] RIMSKY-KORSAKOV The Golden Cockerel : suite 2EA6303-08

[b] BIZET L’Arlésienne : Suite No.2 2EA6309-12

78rpm: [a] (Jly38) C3013-15 = auto C7511-13; Victor set 504 = 12347-49,

[b] (Aug38) C3021-22; [6312 only] Victor 11 8379.

CD: [a] (Jan11) Historic Recordings HRCD0078 private issue.

>0166 H.M.V.

Pr: Lawrance Collingwood Eng: Arthur Clarke

[a] SCHUBERT Symphony No.9 in C D944 “Great” 2EA6754-65

[b] BEETHOVEN Coriolan - Overture Op.62 2EA6766-67

[c] J.STRAUSS II Der Zigeunerbaron : Overture 2EA6768-69

[d] SCHUBERT Rosamunde Op.26 D797 : ballet music 2EA6770-71

[e] SMETANA The Bartered Bride : Overture 2EA6772-73

[f] CORELLI Concerto Grosso Op.6/8 “Christmas” 2EA6774-77

[g] HAYDN Symphony No.86 in D 2EA6778-83

78rpm: [a] (Nov38) DB3607-12 = auto DB8557-62;

Victor set 602 = 12498-03,

[b] (Mar39) DB3638; Victor 12535,

[f] (Dec38) DB3639-40; Victor set 600 = 12495-96,

[g] (May39) DB3647-49 = auto DB8640-42;

Victor set 578 = 12461-63,

[c] (Apr39) DB3650; Victor 13689,

[d] (Feb39) DB3651; Victor 12534,

[e] (Jan39) DB3652.

LP: [a] (Apr55) Camden CAL195 “Jewel Symphony Orchestra”,

[b] (Ger:’72) Electrola 3LP set 1C 147 50149-51M,

[f] (Jun72) Discocorp WSA702-3,

[a] (Jan77) Discocorp BWS727,

[a] (’79) Vox Turnabout THS65170,

[g] (Dec87) Discocorp BWS999.

CD: [g] (c90) AS Disc AS304,

[befg] (Apr94) Dutton CDLX7008,

[abce] (Jly95) Grammofono 2000 AB78548,

[g] (c96) Grammofono 2000 AB78629,

[ad] (Oct95) Dutton CDEA5003,

[b] (Oct95) Iron Needle IN1302,

[c] (’98) Dante LYS358,

[b] (Aug99) Dante LYS518,

[g] (Nov99) Dante LYS527-30,

[b] (Nov04) Andante 4CD set AN4100,

[a] (Jly05) A.S.V. AJC8556,

[b] (Jan06) Naxos Historical 8 111032,

[e] (Nov13) Opus Kura OPK2106.

Download: [a] Pristine Classical PASC014.

>0167 COLUMBIA

Pr: Lawrance Collingwood

MENDELSSOHN Piano Concerto No.1 in G minor Op.25 CAX8375-78

78rpm: (Jan39) DX893-94; set X124 = 69447-48D.

CD: (Jan98) Pearl GEM0010,

(Apr08) Dutton CDBP9781.

>0168 COLUMBIA

[a] SAINT-SAËNS Introduction & Rondo Capriccioso Op.28 CAX8418-19

[b] KING The Immortals - Concert Overture CAX8420-21

78rpm: [a] (Feb39) DX902; 69640D, [b] (Mar39) DX904.

CD: [a] (Feb95) Pearl GEMMCD9151,

[b] (Sep04) Guild GLCD5106.

>0169 COLUMBIA

Pr: Lawrance Collingwood

[a] BRAHMS Symphony No.1 in C minor Op.68 CAX8461-66/73-76

[b] MOZART Serenade No.13 in G K525 CAX8467-70

[c] HANDEL Concerto Grosso in G minor Op.6/6 CAX8471-72/86-87

[d] WAGNER Tannhäuser : Venusberg music CAX8477-79

[e] HANDEL Concerto Grosso in D Op.6/5 CAX8488-91

[d] Unpublished: rejected by the conductor.

78rpm: [e] (May39) LX803-4; set X142 = 69691-92D,

[c] (Aug39) LX831-32; set X154 = 69791-92D,

[a] (Sep39) LX833-37 = auto LX8452-56; set M383 = 69704-8D,

[b] (Feb41) LX854-55; set X187 = 70741-42D.

LP: [a] (Apr52) American Columbia ML4510,

[ce] (Jly53) American Columbia ML4676,

[b] (Jan54) American Columbia ML4776,

[a] (May60) American Columbia HL7246.

CD: [a] (May92) 2CD set CHS7 64256.2,

[a] (Aug92) Centaur CRC2124,

[a] (Feb98) Arkadia 1CD78512,

[a] (May99) Iron Needle IN1434,

[a] (Nov99) Grammofono 2000 AB78764-65,

[b] (Jap: Sep99) E.M.I. Japan SGR8532,

[ce] (Jap: Sep99) E.M.I. Japan SGR8541,

[a] (May06) A.S.V. 2CD set AJD2009.

Download: [a] Pristine Classical PASC281,

[b] Historic Recordings HRCD0183 private issue.

>0170 H.M.V.

Eng: Arthur Clarke & William Dickson

SCHUMANN Symphony No.4 in D minor Op.120 2EA7771-76

78rpm: (Jly39) DB3793-95 = auto DB8685-87; Victor set 837 = 13793-95.

CD: (Apr94) Dutton CDLX7008.

>0171 COLUMBIA

Pr: Walter Legge

Frederick Thurston (clarinet), Henry Wood

WOOD Fantasia on British Sea Songs CAX8655-58

78rpm: (Dec39) DX954-55.

45rpm: (Apr63) SCD2201-2.

LP: (Jly63) 33SX1524,

(Sep80) E.M.I. STAMP1.

CD: (Aug94) Dutton CDAX8008.

>0172 COLUMBIA

Pr: Walter Legge

[a] LISZT Les Préludes S97 CAX8733-36

[b] LISZT Mephisto Waltz No.1 S110/2 CAX8737-39

[c] BRAHMS Academic Festival Overture Op.80 CAX8740-41

[d] BEETHOVEN Die Ruinen von Athen Op.113 : Overture CAX8742

78rpm: [a] (Apr40) LX877-78; set X198 = 71109-10D,

[c] (Jun40) LX886,

[bd] (Sep40) LX897-98; [d] 11558D in set M452.

LP: [abd] (Dec75) HLM7074 = 0C 147 01761M in 3LP set RLS717.

CD: [c] (May92) 2CD set CHS7 64256.2,

[abc] (’96) Arkadia 1CD78629,

[ad] (Jly97) Iron Needle IN1361,

[c] (Feb98) Arkadia 1CD78516,

[a-d] (’99) Grammofono 2000 2CD set AB78856,

[d] (Nov02) Naxos Historical 8 110856,

[ab] (Sep03) 2CD set 5 75965.2,

[c] (May06) A.S.V. 2CD set AJD2009.

>0173i “Dangerous Moonlight” film soundtrack

ADDINSELL Warsaw Concerto CAX8962-63

78rpm: (Jan42) Columbia DX1062; 7409M.

LP: (Apr50) ten inch American Columbia ML2092;

(’80) World Records SH384.

45rpm: (Sep55) SEG7600.

CD: (Aug00) Pearl GEM0101,

(’00) Memoir Classics CDMOIR451,

(Mar02) Naxos 8 120597.

VHS: (??) Turner Home Entertainment unid. catalogue number.

DVD video: (Aug10) Odeon ODNF199.

>0173ii [Additional entry] Recorded prior to a B.B.C. Promenade concert

24 Jun 1942 Royal Albert Hall

Henry Wood

WEBER Der Freischütz J277 : Overture : rehearsal (4 minutes)

78rpm: private acetate recording.

CD: (Dec97) Symposium 1222.

>0174 H.M.V.

1 Feb 1944 Abbey Road Studio 1

[a] Joe Batten / [bc] Eric Coates

[a] “Salute the Soldier” CTPX12585-86

[b] COATES Fanfare No.1 & Salute the Soldier - March CTPX12587

[c] COATES Fanfare No.2 & The Eighth Army - March CTPX12588

78rpm: [abc] (Mar44) JG213-14.

CD: [bc] (Aug96) Conifer 2CD set 75605 52390.2,

[bc] (Jly13) Nimbus 7CD set NI6231.

>0175 COLUMBIA

4 Nov 1944 Abbey Road Studio 1

[a] Harriet Cohen (piano), Hubert Bath;

[b] as “Light Symphony Orchestra”, Stanford Robinson

[a] BATH Cornish Rhapsody CAX9215-16

[b] ROBINSON Tuesday Serenade - valse lente CAX9217

[b] Coupled with Grainger on CAX8838, recorded in Birmingham in Feb 41.

78rpm: [a] (Dec44) DX1171; 7440M,

[b] (Dec44) DX1174.

LP: [a] (Apr50) ten inch American Columbia ML2092;

[a] (’80) World Records SH384.

45rpm: [a] (Sep57) SEG7718.

CD: [a] (Aug00) Pearl GEM0101,

[a] (’00) Memoir Classics CDMOIR451,

[a] (Mar02) Naxos 8 120597,

[a] (Aug12) Appian 3CD set APR7304.

>0176 H.M.V.

Pr: Walter Legge Eng: Arthur Clarke

30 Nov 1944 Abbey Road Studio 1