Prediction from Weeks to Decades



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Figure 5: As Fig. 3 but for trends. For comparison with AMV and PDV, which show a transition from neutral to peak conditions over about 15 years, we show 15-year normalised differences. Figure redrawn following Smith et al. (2012).



Figure 6: Seamless forecasting services and potential users of monthly to decadal predictions (from Met Office Science Strategy: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/a/t/Science_strategy-1.pdf).



1 Arbitrarily small initial condition errors

2 Here we define the prediction of climate anomalies as the prediction of statistics of weather (i.e., mean temperature or precipitation, variance, probability of extremes such as droughts, floods, hurricanes, high winds …).

3 In some of the literature a “prediction” corresponds to an initial value problem and the “projection” corresponds to a boundary forced problem. Here we recognize that decadal prediction and even seasonal prediction is a both an initial value and a boundary value problem. Throughout the text we refer to the combined initial value and boundary value problem as prediction problem.




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