Proceedings brand creation for a prescribed fire culture – utilizing key social media parameters. Lars Coleman*1, J. Kelly Hoffman1, Thomas McDaniel1, R. Patrick Bixler2, Urs P. Kreuter1, Morgan Russell3

Savannas cover 60% of the land in southern Africa, with fires and herbivory playing a key role in their ecology. The Limpopo National Park (LNP) is a 10.000 km2 conservation area in southern Mozambique and key to protect savannas in the region. Fire is an important factor, but little is known about its interactions with the ecosystem. In this study we investigated the effects of fire frequency (FF) on vegetation and fauna of the LNP. To understand the FF, we used the MODIS burned area and active fire products for 10 years (2003-2013). A total of 6 ha was sampled to assess biodiversity across three landscapes (Nwambia Sandveld-NS, Lebombo North-LN and Shrub Mopane on Calcrete-C) and two FF levels (low - twice or less; and high - 3 times or more during 10 years). FF was higher in NS and LN landscapes, where 40% of the pixels burned in 10 years. The landscape type determined grass composition and biomass. The latter was higher in the sandy NS and under high FF. The three landscapes belonged to 3 different tree communities, but FF produced varied compositional responses in NS and LN. Low FF resulted in a higher plant abundance and phytomass of small trees (<2m) in LN and C. The composition of small mammals in the three landscapes was similar: Aethomys chrysophilus, Mastomys natalensis and Elephantulus brachyrhyncus, but the relative abundance was higher in NS (41%).

GOT SHRUBS? BURN SEVERITY EFFECTS ON CHAPARRAL PLANT COMMUNITY RECOVERY A DECADE AFTER FIRE.

Short-term post-fire field studies have shown native shrub cover in chaparral ecosystems is negatively associated with introduced forb and graminoid cover, which is influenced by burn severity, elevation, aspect, and climate. Previous long-term remote sensing studies found differences in shrub recovery depend on climate, while short-term remote sensing studies found differences in recovery depend on burn conditions which were influenced by weather.  The 2003 Old and Simi fires in southern California burned across a gradient of vegetation types, elevation, aspect, and climate. We sought to understand the role of native shrubs in post-fire recovery across biotic and abiotic variables, linking long-term field and remote sensing data for these two fires. Using Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) as an indicator of green vegetation derived from 1984-2016 Landsat imagery, we determined that sites burned at moderate and high burn severity have not returned to pre-fire levels of greenness, whereas sites that burned at low burn severity have. For ground reference, we estimated percent cover of functional groups in 2004 and 2015 at nested sampling sites distributed across gradients of burn severity, elevation, aspect, and time. Using non-metric multidimensional scaling, mixed effects models, and ANOVAs, we found that by year twelve, burn severity was no longer a significant predictor of native shrub cover but remained predictive for forbs and graminoid cover. This supports other long-term studies finding no or positive fire effects on shrubs, but negative or no fire effects on other functional groups over time. We also found high shrub cover to be a significant predictor of low introduced richness and high native cover, suggesting native shrubs may competitively exclude introduced species and facilitate native species. 

UNGULATES AND FOREST MANAGEMENT: UNDERSTANDING INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LARGE HERBIVORES AND FUELS REDUCTION TREATMENTS ON SHRUB ASSEMBLAGES IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST.
. Dallas K. Hall Defrees*¹, Josh Averett², Bryan A. Endress³; ¹Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, ²Oregon State University, La Grande, OR, ³Oregon State University, la, OR

ABSTRACT

Upland deciduous shrubs represent keystone species that are pivotal to the biodiversity and resiliency of conifer forests in the interior Pacific Northwest. As an important forage species, deciduous shrubs are highly targeted by wild (elk, deer) and domestic (cow) ungulates, who in turn, are influential contributors to their prolonged arrestment. Moreover, episodic disturbances such as prescribed fire and stand thinning can often create conditions that facilitate heavy use by large herbivores as well as decrease potential refugia by eliminating coarse woody debris and other structural elements in the forest understory. Despite the growing scale of fuels reduction treatments, little is known about how such treatments influence herbivory by ungulates and subsequent impacts on deciduous woody species. This research aims to delineate theses interactions, focusing our studies to mixed-conifer forests of the interior PNW.  Our objectives were to (1) describe the structure and composition of deciduous woody plant assemblages in fuels treated and untreated stands, (2) document browse pressure by ungulates in fuels treated and untreated stands, and (3) explore the role of coarse woody debris and other forest understory structural elements and how they may affect browse rates and plant structure of deciduous woody species. 300 plots were sampled across untreated and fuels reductions treated mixed conifer stands in northeastern Oregon including 126 plots within ungulate exclosures serving as a reference for conditions in the absence of herbivory. Comparisons in height, richness, and diversity were analyzed using mixed models with both fixed (treatment) and random (site) effects.  Multiple regression was used to analyzed the influence of coarse woody debris on herbivory and growth. These findings can provide land managers with greater knowledge about the consequences of fuels reduction treatments and high levels of herbivory on these ecologically important deciduous woody species.

WYOMING BIG SAGEBRUSH NATURAL RECRUITMENT ALONG THE FIRE PERIMETER. Camie M. Dencker*¹, April G. Smith², Beth A. Newingham³; ¹University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, ²USDA ARS GBRRU, Reno, NV, ³USDA-ARS, Reno, NV

Factors driving natural recruitment of Wyoming big sagebrush are poorly understood. Wyoming big sagebrush is a mid to late seral species, is not fire adapted, and can take decades to return to pre-fire densities. Wyoming big sagebrush communities have significantly declined due to changes in fire and climate regimes over the last century. We observed rare, natural recruitment events in 2016 and 2017 near Reno, Nevada, USA. We measured canopy gap, plant species and ground cover, shrub richness and size, distance to nearest adult sagebrush, and juvenile sagebrush density at fourteen paired burned and unburned sites. Additionally, seedlings were marked to determine survivorship and growth over time. Aspect, slope, and elevation were measured using a 10-meter elevation model. Seasonal temperature and precipitation were calculated using PRISM monthly models. The 2016 recruitment event was 136 times greater than 2017, but only 3% of the 2016 seedlings survived. Ninety-nine percent of seedlings were located within unburned stands. Growing season maximum temperature, winter precipitation, distance to adult sagebrush, and West-facing aspects were negatively associated with seedling density. Seedlings averaged 1.5 m from the nearest adult sagebrush, with a maximum distance of 14 m. When the high recruitment year (2016) was isolated, litter and rock cover had a positive effect on seedling density. Seedling height was positively associated with perennial, native species cover, which suggest more productive sites with low invasion promote growth. In two winters with above average precipitation, increased precipitation, presumably as snow cover, may have resulted in seed dormancy and reduced germination. Higher growing season temperatures and UV radiation on western slopes may have resulted in seed or seedling desiccation. We will continue monitoring sagebrush seedlings in relation to weather, topography, abiotic conditions, and plant community structure. Understanding the natural recruitment of sagebrush may inform restoration efforts.

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF WYOMING BIG SAGEBRUSH FUEL LOADS ON BUNCHGRASS MORTALITY FOLLOWING A FIRE EVENT

Fire temperatures can vary spatially due to fuel loading characteristics and burn conditions.  The influence of fuel loads, particularly that of sagebrush, on bunchgrass mortality following a wildfire is largely unknown.  In this study, we quantified pre-burn shrub fuel loads and its impact on bluebunch wheatgrass and Idaho fescue mortality.  We used a randomized complete block design with varying amounts of shrub fuel loads per plot.  Within each plot and for each bunchgrass species, two locations relative to sagebrush plants were selected: one within a sagebrush canopy and one in an interspace.  Each bunchgrass was instrumented with four, type-K thermocouples immediately before the burn at the following locations:  2cm below the soil surface, at the growing point in the center of the plant, at the growing point within 2 cm of the edge of the plant, and 8-10 cm above the soil surface in the center of the plant.  Preliminary results suggest that bunchgrass plants within sagebrush canopies were exposed to lethal temperatures (>50° C) longer than bunchgrass plants found in the interspace.  Plots with greater sagebrush fuel loads, were more likely to create fire conditions severe enough to kill bunchgrass plants both within shrub canopies as well as interspace plants.  As we increase our understanding regarding the influence of Wyoming big sagebrush on bunchgrass mortality, we can better prioritize fire rehabilitation efforts and identify communities where pre-emptive restoration practices can be implemented.

QUANTIFYING POST-FIRE RECOVERY OF RANGELAND PRODUCTIVITY. Matt C. Reeves*; USDA Forest Service, Florence, MT

Recovery of production after a wildfire event is essential for maintaining goods and services such as providing forage on a sustainable basis.  Often general rules of thumb, such as waiting two years after a fire to return to pre-fire grazing intensity, are used for managing production of livestock on rangeland landscapes. However, quantitative guidelines indicating the length of time required for vegetation to return to pre-fire production levels are lacking for many vegetation types. Here we quantify the recovery periods for 23 vegetation types in the Intermountain region of the western United States. The program evaluates production recovery and quantifies the length of time needed until no significant difference between burned and unburned landscapes is observed.    

THE GREAT BASIN FIRE ALLEY: ANALYZING DRIVERS BEHIND FIRE PRONE AREAS IN THE GREAT BASIN. Justin L. Welty*¹, Robert Arkle², Michelle I. Jeffries², David Pilliod²; ¹Dept. of Interior USGS, Boise, ID, ²Department of Interior, Boise, ID

Within the Great Basin, exotic annual grasses, especially cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), have increased fire frequency and altered fire regimes such that large areas of native shrublands have converted to annual grasslands.  This cheatgrass-fire cycle is well described, but less is known about the drivers of this fire regime change where it is most prevalent. Here, we examine the current fire regimes at the four most fire-prone Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs) within the Great Basin: Humboldt Area, Malheur High Plateau, Owyhee High Plateau, and Snake River Plains. Preliminary results suggest that between 1980 and 2015, these 4 MLRAs, representing 41% of the Great Basin, have accounted for 53% of the 10,313 recorded fire polygons and 73% of the 13 million hectares burned. We combined data on seasonal weather, lightning strikes, wildfire start date, vegetation, and wildfire frequency to identify the primary drivers of wildfires in these focal areas. In addition, we created yearly predictive models, at the MLRA-level, to assist fire and fuels managers in identifying areas of elevated wildfire risk, information that might be useful for prioritizing fuel treatments or wildfire preparedness.

IMPACTS OF A SPRING PRESCRIBED FIRE IN CONJUNCTION WITH CATTLE GRAZING ON GRAZING FREQUENCY AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF WESTERN SNOWBERRY (SYMPHORICARPOS OCCIDENTALIS). Haley M. Johnson*, Ryan Limb, Marc Bauer, Kevin Sedivec; North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND

ABSTRACT

Woody encroachment, due to fire suppression, alters plant community composition in rangelands worldwide. Encroachment of western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis) has led to an alteration of many Northern Great Plains plant communities, consequently decreasing available and favorable forages for livestock consumption. Research on the effects of grazing western snowberry is limited, but show that grazing alone increases expansion because mature plants are not readily consumed. Cattle select for forages based on palatability and management. Fire removes old plant material and promotes new plant growth of higher forage quality plant material. Cattle are more likely to consume immature plants because of increased palatability. Our study objectives were to 1) evaluate rate of consumption within early-intensive grazing, season-long grazing, and patch-burn grazing management strategies and 2) evaluate the forage nutritional content of western snowberry following prescribed fire. Each treatment was replicated three times. Stem and bite counts of western snowberry were collected by placing four random 100 meter transects and placing a 1m2 quadrat every five meters along each transects within each replicate. Grazing exclosures were utilized to evaluate western snowberry degree of disappearance due to grazing. Weekly samples of western snowberry were collected during the growing season to evaluate selected nutritional values for each treatment within current growing season, one year post burning, and growth after initial burning. One way analysis of variance was used to compare stem and bite counts across treatments. Linear regression was used to analyze change in forage quality over time. This study will address grazing frequency of cattle on western snowberry within each treatment and how burning affects the forage quality of western snowberry.

APPLYING DISTURBANCE HYPOTHESIS TO RANGELAND MANAGEMENT USING THE GRAZING MANAGER . Phillip S. Steigerwald*¹, Mort M. Kothmann²; ¹TAMU, Uvalde, TX, ²TAMU, College Station, TX

Vegetation on rangelands is a function of two primary anthropogenic disturbances, grazing and fire. Our hypothesis, that fire and grazing management can control the invasion of McCartney rose on Texas Coastal Prairie rangeland, was tested on the Duncan Spade Ranch from 2012-2017. The ranch’s goal is to reduce McCartney Rose using grazing and prescribed burning to eliminate herbicide use for brush and weed control. The study area in Wharton County, Texas consisted of 900 acres fenced into five pastures and grazed rotationally by one herd of 150-160 cows. The average initial vegetation cover of McCartney rose was 23%. The Grazing Manager (TGM) was used to allocate forage for grazing and fuel for burning. Grazing was deferred during the summer and fall for pastures scheduled for prescribed burning in the winter. All prescribed burns were conducted during the winter dormant season. During the first three years, grazing was extended too far into the fall on pastures to be burned. This reduced the quantity and continuity of the fuel, decreasing the effectiveness of fire in reducing cover and stature of McCartney rose. During the 2015-16 and 2016-17 winters, grazing was excluded starting in July for the pastures that were burned. This practice improved range condition and increased the effectiveness of prescribed burns. McCartney rose cover in July 2017 averaged 8% and stature of rose plants was reduced. TGM was critical to allocate adequate fuel for effective burns and determine how much forage would be available for grazing to set herd size (stocking rate). We conclude that the effectiveness of McCartney rose control by prescribed burning depends on monitoring to allocate adequate biomass to fuel to achieve effective burns and to balance herd size with available forage. 

POST-WILDFIRE LIVESTOCK GRAZING MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC RANGELANDS IN NORTHEAST CALIFORNIA. Janyne Little*¹, Laura K. Snell², Elise Gornish³, David Lile¹, Leslie Roche⁴; ¹UCCE, Susanville, CA, ²University of California, Alturas, CA, ³University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Tucson, AZ, ⁴University of California, Davis, CA

Unprecedented wildfires are burning on federal lands used for summer grazing by livestock across California. As a result, ranchers and other stakeholders have concerns about proper livestock grazing policy and management for rangelands after fire. A typical approach to post-wildfire grazing policy is to issue a blanket requirement for two years of grazing cessation following a burn. Some have argued for longer rest time frames, while others argue for no rest to reduce weed invasion and suppress fuel accrual. However, there is little to no scientific data to support either proposal. Some research has been conducted on grazing after relatively low severity prescribed fire, but little research has addressed grazing impacts after wildfire which commonly burn with much greater severity and during different seasons compared to managed prescribed fires. Here we estimate recovery trajectories of existing wildfire burned areas and develop key indicators to assess rangeland readiness following fire using chronosequence methods. We surveyed 134 sites on 21 fires in northeast California that occurred within the last 17 years. After avoiding seeded or salvage logged areas, unburned areas, and overlapping fires, we account for the following variables: year from fire, grazing management, fire intensity, resistance/resilience classes, and broad vegetation communities. This research offers insight into how quickly rangeland health will recover and become ready to support livestock grazing without risk of long-term natural resource damage following wildfire.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CATTLE BODY SIZE AND TERRAIN USE IN EXTENSIVE AND MOUNTAINOUS RANGELAND PASTURES. Margaret R. Gannon*¹, Derek W. Bailey¹, Amy C. Ganguli¹, Colt W. Knight², Michael Millward¹; ¹New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, ²University of Maine, Orono, ME

Manipulation of spatial grazing patterns of cattle in rangeland systems is essential for preventing resource degradation due to localized overgrazing. Practices such as fencing, water source development, and supplement placement have been used to manipulate distribution and prevent habitat degradation; however, these management actions can be cost prohibitive. Using genetic selection to breed cattle with desirable terrain use could be a more effective and less costly alternative.  Furthermore, cow body size has steadily increased over the 40 years due to selection for higher weaning and yearling weights.   For selection programs to be successful, the relationships between traits should be understood. Our study was conducted at the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center, near Las Cruces, New Mexico to investigate the relationship between cow body size and terrain use.  Fifteen Brangus cows (2 to 13 years of age) were tracked at 10-minute intervals in a 2635-ha pasture with rugged terrain for 12 weeks during the winter prior to calving. After fitting the statistical model for age, residual correlations were used to examine the relationship between cow weight, body condition score, linear measures of cow size, and terrain use metrics. Larger cows with bigger heart girths and heavier weights used areas farther horizontally from water than smaller cows and the associated residual correlations were 0.52 and 0.64, respectively. Cows with greater hip heights and heavier weights used areas farther vertically from water (residual correlations of 0.85 and 0.53, respectively). Although the number of cows in this study are limited, these preliminary results suggest that larger cows may be more willing to travel farther from water than smaller cows in extensive, rugged desert pastures during cool winter conditions. 

REPEATABILITY OF TERRAIN USE BY CATTLE IN RUGGED RANGELAND PASTURES
. Tatjana J. Mercado*¹, Derek W. Bailey¹, Milton G. Thomas², Richard M. Enns², Scott E. Speidel²; ¹New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, ²Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO

ABSTRACT

Tracking collars are used to monitor cattle movements and allow us to make inferences about cattle behavior. However, few studies have evaluated the consistency of cattle movements over time in rugged rangeland pastures. A study was conducted at five locations in New Mexico and Arizona: the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC), Evans Ranch, Wilbanks Ranch, Hartley Ranch and Todd Ranch. Eight to 19 randomly-selected cows from herds of 40 to 200 cows were tracked with GPS collars at each ranch. Cows were tracked at either 10- or 15-minute intervals. Terrain use was summarized by week. A repeated measures analysis was conducted on each ranch using the weekly average of slope use, elevation use, and distance from water as the dependent variables. Intraclass correlations of weekly averages of the three terrain use metrics were used to assess temporal consistency of grazing distribution traits. Week was a fixed effect and cow was a random effect. Intraclass correlations of terrain use by individual cows varied among ranches. The Wilbanks Ranch had the strongest intraclass correlations for slope, elevation, and distance to water of 0.60, 0.50, and 0.77, respectively. Intraclass correlations for elevation at the Hartley and Todd Ranches were strong, 0.61 and 0.71, respectively, but correlations for slope and distance to water were weak to moderate (0.18 to 0.30). In contrast, intraclass correlation at the CDRRC and Evans Ranch were weak (0.00 to 0.08). Our results suggest that consistency of terrain use by cattle can vary by location; however, these relationships are positive and moderate to strong at most ranches. Factors such as cattle familiarity with pastures and the nature of the terrain features may explain part of this variability, however additional research examining how temporal changes in terrain use affect this phenotype is needed.

OUR LOW-COST, OPEN-SOURCE LIVESTOCK GPS COLLARS WORK WELL, PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO SPATIAL DATA COLLECTION. Devan A. McGranahan*¹, Jonathan W. Spiess¹, Benjamin A. Geaumont²; ¹North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, ²North Dakota State University, Hettinger, ND

ABSTRACT

Range scientists are interested in patterns of livestock use within grazed units, especially when forage resources are spatially heterogeneous. Quantifying space use is particularly important when research hypotheses or management plans predict specific patterns of resource selection. Direct observation of livestock is costly and time-consuming, and indirect measures are temporally imprecise, represent only samples of possible locations, and require worker hours to measure. Several commercial solutions based on Global Positioning System (GPS) technology fit animals with GPS receivers that record their location at programmed intervals, but the cost is often prohibitive. We designed our own solution around a low-cost, open-source microcontroller based on the Arduino system. Hardware includes a microcontroller and microSD card logger, GPS receiver, and lithium-poly battery. The system is programmed in C/C++ with templates freely available from the manufacturer. All software is open-source and user-customizable. We sealed the loggers in small rubberized plastic cases and strapped them to cattle and sheep at the Hettinger Research Extension Center in Hettinger, ND. The whole livestock-ready apparatus cost approximately $125 per unit. Through the summer of 2017 we had approximately three dozen successful one-week deployments, with no equipment loss and only minor damage we learned to prevent. In addition to presenting the system, we also discuss data analysis to offer insight into the number of units and logging frequencies required of livestock GPS monitoring, regardless of system used. We ran three units per pasture logging at 20-second intervals, and analyze these data with respect to minimum number of units needed to estimate herd behavior and optimum logging patterns to infer behavior and extend battery life. Although power demands remain a limitation and priority for further development, our system is a viable solution for short-duration deployment on experimental rangelands with livestock handling facilities.

DATA CORRECTION AND ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL DATA USING LOWER-COST GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM TRACKING COLLARS