Программа курса «Обучение студентов начального этапа академическим навыкам просмотрового и поискового чтения»
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- 3. Questioning to understand and remember
- 5. Outlining and summarizing
- 6. Evaluating an argument
- 7. Comparing and contrasting related readings
- Tidal barrages Wind turbines Biofuels Tidal flow schemes Micro generation
- Practice3 Skim the report about trends in international adoptions and put the points in the order in which they appear in the text
- Read the article again and complete these summary sentences with a word or a number.
- Long-distance adoptions.
- How to skim a text (Example of eye movements during skimming)
7 Critical reading strategies1. Previewing: Learning about a text before really reading it. Previewing enables readers to get a sense of what the text is about and how it is organized before reading it closely. This simple strategy includes seeing what you can learn from the head notes or other introductory material, skimming to get an overview of the content and organization, and identifying the rhetorical situation. 2. Contextualizing: Placing a text in its historical, biographical, and cultural contexts. When you read a text, you read it through the lens of your own experience. Your understanding of the words on the page and their significance is informed by what you have come to know and value from living in a particular time and place. But the texts you read were all written in the past, sometimes in a radically different time and place. To read critically, you need to contextualize, to recognize the differences between your contemporary values and attitudes and those represented in the text. 3. Questioning to understand and remember: Asking questions about the content. As students, you are accustomed (I hope) to teachers asking you questions about your reading. These questions are designed to help you understand a reading and respond to it more fully, and often this technique works. When you need to understand and use new information though it is most beneficial if you write the questions, as you read the text for the first time. With this strategy, you can write questions any time, but in difficult academic readings, you will understand the material better and remember it longer if you write a question for every paragraph or brief section. Each question should focus on a main idea, not on illustrations or details, and each should be expressed in your own words, not just copied from parts of the paragraph. 4. Reflecting on challenges to your beliefs and values: Examining your personal responses. The reading that you do for this class might challenge your attitudes, your unconsciously held beliefs, or your positions on current issues. As you read a text for the first time, mark an X in the margin at each point where you feel a personal challenge to your attitudes, beliefs, or status. Make a brief note in the margin about what you feel or about what in the text created the challenge. Now look again at the places you marked in the text where you felt personally challenged. What patterns do you see? 5. Outlining and summarizing: Identifying the main ideas and restating them in your own words. Outlining and summarizing are especially helpful strategies for understanding the content and structure of a reading selection. Whereas outlining reveals the basic structure of the text, summarizing synopsizes a selection's main argument in brief. Outlining may be part of the annotating process, or it may be done separately (as it is in this class). The key to both outlining and summarizing is being able to distinguish between the main ideas and the supporting ideas and examples. The main ideas form the backbone, the strand that holds the various parts and pieces of the text together. Outlining the main ideas helps you to discover this structure. When you make an outline, don't use the text's exact words. Summarizing begins with outlining, but instead of merely listing the main ideas, a summary recomposes them to form a new text. Whereas outlining depends on a close analysis of each paragraph, summarizing also requires creative synthesis. Putting ideas together again -- in your own words and in a condensed form -- shows how reading critically can lead to deeper understanding of any text.
All writers make assertions that they want you to accept as true. As a critical reader, you should not accept anything on face value but to recognize every assertion as an argument that must be carefully evaluated. An argument has two essential parts: a claim and support. The claim asserts a conclusion -- an idea, an opinion, a judgment, or a point of view -- that the writer wants you to accept. The support includes reasons (shared beliefs, assumptions, and values) and evidence (facts, examples, statistics, and authorities) that give readers the basis for accepting the conclusion. When you assess an argument, you are concerned with the process of reasoning as well as its truthfulness (these are not the same thing). At the most basic level, in order for an argument to be acceptable, the support must be appropriate to the claim and the statements must be consistent with one another.
Have a lot at the title of the text. What renewable resources can you name? Match paragraphs with the following headings: Tidal barrages Wind turbines Biofuels Tidal flow schemes Micro generation Solar power Renewable resources. Energy experts predict that by the end of this century, just 250 years after the start of the Industrial Revolution, we will have burnt all the world’s coal and gas reserves, reserves that took 200 million years to develop. With fossil fuel reserves running down the search is on for alternative sources of energy. The need for renewable sources of energy is greater than ever. The use of renewable energy is nothing new, in 1086 there were 5600 watermills in England each generating 2kw of energy. With the advent of cheap coal these watermills went into disuse. Here are some of the renewable fuel sources that are making a comeback: Wind turbines: these are now a common site in several European countries. Some people say the turbines are ugly and cause ‘visual pollution’. To minimise their visual impact they can be located out at sea (as long as the sea is not too deep). Obviously, when there’s no wind, no electricity is generated. Tidal flow schemes: an example of tidal flow is the Gulf Stream which flows from Florida to the north west of Scotland at speeds of 1.5 metres per second. There are problems, however, converting this kinetic energy into electricity. Today’s marine current turbines (an underwater version of a wind turbine) operate best in shallow water where they can be fixed to the sea bed. At the moment they are not able to exploit the energy present in tidal flows such as the Gulf Stream where the sea is very deep. Tidal barrages: these can be built in coastal areas where there is a large variation in the levels of high and low tides. Tidal barrages are dams that fill with sea water when the tide comes in, when the tide goes out the water is released. As it escapes it generates electricity. Unfortunately, the number of locations where tidal barrages can be built is limited and they can have a considerable impact on the local marine ecosystem. Biofuels: these fuels come from a wide range of materials from wood to plant waste and waste materials from animals. Firewood is a good source of energy but the wood does have to be cut, transported and trees replanted. Methane gas can be produced from plant and animal waste materials but production rates are slow. Bio diesel can be produced in several ways, for example from maize or from the by-products of wheat production. The potential for biofuel production is great. At the moment, however, there are problems around the issue of scalability as current production levels fall far short of the levels required to substitute fossil fuels. Solar power: for their power supply isolated farms in Australia can choose between traditional diesel generators or stand alone solar power systems using photovoltaic cells. A large amount of capital is required to set up a solar power system. At the moment photovoltaic cells are not very efficient at converting solar power to electricity. It takes 5-6 years for such a system to become cost-efficient. If these cells could be made more efficient experts have calculated that 4% of the earth’s desert areas could supply all of the world’s energy needs. Micro generation: for the last 100 years the main concept in electricity generation has been to ‘think big’ and build large power stations. Now we are beginning to see a new trend, small scale local generation of power using renewable biofuels. In the developing world where funds are scarce experts predict micro generation is the way forward. With time these separate micro generators cab be joined up to form a larger power grid. Practice3 Skim the report about trends in international adoptions and put the points in the order in which they appear in the text A The country with the most international adoptions B Consequences of modern family life C A country with a few international adoptions D European countries where adoptions are rising E Why many people adopted in the past F The influence of the rich and famous Read the article again and complete these summary sentences with a word or a number. The US has the most international adoptions, about ……. In 2005. Most children adopted in recent years in the US come from……. …… is the European country with most inter-country adoptions, about 4,000 a year. There were only … inter-country adoptions in the UK last year. In the 1970s many children were adopted from ….. and …… In the 1990s many children were adopted from orphanages in….. and …… The traditional structure of the family is changing fast in ….. and …… Adoption…… report they receive more enquires whenever a famous person adopts a child. Long-distance adoptions.
UNIT 3 Skimming
FOCUS ON THEORY Skimming is a mode of fast reading which is used to get a rapid general impression of what a text is about. In this mode of reading, if the text you are reading is a non-fictional text, you may first look at its table of contents, the summary, and subject index. You may next leaf through the text and focus attention on subtitles, headlines, content keywords, or prominent text features (passages printed in bold type, or colour, or with illustrations). Writers often use such features to highlight what they want to say. If, however, the text which you want to get a first impression of is a fictional text, you may decide to first read the opening scene and the beginning or ending of chapters. Skimming helps you decide if you like a book, its characters and story, its topics and style of writing. It may or may not be followed by some more intensive reading. Skimming is useful in three different situations.
• Reviewing -Skimming is useful for reviewing text already read. • Reading -Skimming is most often used for quickly reading material that, for any number of reasons, does not need more detailed attention.
• Read the introduction or lead-in paragraph. • Read the first paragraph completely. • If there are subheadings, read each one, looking for relationships among them. • Read the first sentence of each remaining paragraph. a. The main idea of most paragraphs appears in the first sentence. b. If the author's pattern is to begin with a question or example, you may find the last sentence more valuable. How to skim a text (Example of eye movements during skimming) 
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