[Psychological consequences of severe overweight in teenagers]
Victims of bullying in childhood and suicide attempts in adulthood
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Victims of bullying in childhood and suicide attempts in adulthood.Meltzer H, Vostanis P, Ford T, Bebbington P, Dennis MS. SourceDepartment of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, 22-28, Princess Road West, Leicester LE1 6TP, UK. hm74@le.ac.uk AbstractPURPOSE:To examine whether self-reported exposure to bullying during childhood is associated with suicide attempts over the life course, and if so, what mechanisms could account for this relationship. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:A random probability sample comprising 7461 respondents was interviewed for the 2007 survey of psychiatric morbidity of adults in Great Britain. Survey respondents were asked about suicidal attempts and whether they were bullied in childhood. RESULTS:Recall of being bullied in childhood decreased with age from 25% of 16-24-year-olds to 4% among those 75 or over with few differences in the proportions between men and women. Bullying co-occurred with several victimisation experiences including sexual abuse and severe beatings and with running away from home. Even after controlling for lifetime factors known to increase the risk of suicidal behaviour, adults who reported bullying in childhood were still more than twice as likely as other adults to attempt suicide later in life. DISCUSSION:Being the victim of bullying involves the experience of suffering a defeat and humiliation that in turn could lead to entrapment, hopelessness, depression and suicidal behaviour. CONCLUSIONS:Bullying is already known to be associated with substantial distress and other negative consequences and this further evidence of a strong correlation with the risk of suicide in later life should increase further the motivation of society, services and citizens to act decisively to reducebullying in childhood. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011 Nov;14(11):643-8. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0445. Epub 2011 May 9. Are cyberbullies less empathic? Adolescents' cyberbullying behavior and empathic responsiveness.Steffgen G, König A, Pfetsch J, Melzer A. SourceResearch Unit INSIDE, University of Luxembourg, Walferdange, Luxembourg. georges.steffgen@uni.lu AbstractMeta-analyses confirm a negative relationship between aggressive behavior and empathy, that is, the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. Based on theoretical considerations, it was, therefore, hypothesized that a lack of empathic responsiveness may be characteristic for cyberbullies in particular. In the present study, 2.070 students of Luxembourg secondary schools completed an online survey that included a cyberbullying questionnaire(4) and a novel empathy short scale. According to the main hypothesis, analyses of variances indicated that cyberbullies demonstrated less empathic responsiveness than non-cyberbullies. In addition, cyberbullies were also more afraid of becoming victims of cyberbullying. The findings confirm and substantially extend the research on the relationship between empathy and aggressive behavior. From an educational point of view, the present findings suggest that training of empathy skills might be an important tool to decrease cyberbullying. Can J Public Health. 2011 Nov-Dec;102(6):462-6. Prevalence, risk indicators and outcomes of bullying among on-reserve First Nations youth.Lemstra M, Rogers M, Redgate L, Garner M, Moraros J. SourceDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5. mark.lemstra@usask.ca AbstractOBJECTIVE:Bullying is common and multifaceted. There is no published literature focusing on bullying in First Nations youth on-reserve in Canada. The purpose of this paper is to examine the prevalence, risk indicators and impact of bullying within a First Nations youth population currently living on-reserve. METHODS:Students in grades 5 through 8 (age 10 to 16 years) within the Saskatoon Tribal Council were asked to complete a youth health survey. Among the seven schools, 271 students were eligible to participate. RESULTS:204 youth completed the eight-stage consent protocol and the school survey for a response rate of 75.3%. Overall, 35.8% of youth reported being physically bullied, 59.3% verbally bullied, 47.5% socially bullied and 30.3% electronically bullied at least once or twice in the previous four weeks. After regression analysis, having a father who works in a professional occupation, doing well in school, and having the perception that parents expect too much from them were found to be independent risk indicators of being bullied. Irrespective of the type of bullying, youth who were bullied were at least twice as likely to suffer from depressed mood. DISCUSSION:We have found that bullying is more common for First Nations youth living on-reserve, compared to other Canadian youth. Given that the independent risk indicators also appear to be different, we hope that this new information can aid in the design of effective bullying strategies. Brain Cogn. 2011 Nov;77(2):191-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.06.012. Epub 2011 Aug 19. Peer victimization, depressive symptoms, and high salivary cortisol predict poorer memory in children.Vaillancourt T, Duku E, Becker S, Schmidt LA, Nicol J, Muir C, Macmillan H. SourceFaculty of Education and School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. tracy.vaillancourt@uottawa.ca AbstractThe predictive relations of peer victimization, depressive symptoms, and salivary cortisol on memory in 168 children aged 12 at Time 1 (T1) were examined using a longitudinal design in which data were collected on four occasions over a 2-year period. Results indicated that: (1) peer victimization, depressive symptoms, and evening cortisol were stable over time, (2) peer victimization and elevated symptoms of depression were concurrently linked at each time, (3) T1 peer victimization predicted elevated symptoms of depression at T2 which in turn predicted lower cortisol levels at T3, and (4) controlling for earlier associations, T3 peer victimization, depressive symptoms, and higher morning and evening cortisol levels uniquely predicted memory deficits at T4. The links between elevated cortisol, symptoms of depression, and poor memory are consistent with published research on depressed adults and extend the findings to children exposed to peer victimization. These findings highlight that peer abuse is harmful and may impact children's long-term mental health and memory functioning. Aggress Behav. 2011 Nov-Dec;37(6):521-37. doi: 10.1002/ab.20408. Epub 2011 Aug 22. Modeling the bullying prevention program design recommendations of students from grades five to eight: a discrete choice conjoint experiment.Cunningham CE, Vaillancourt T, Cunningham LJ, Chen Y, Ratcliffe J. SourceDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. cunnic@hhsc.ca AbstractWe used a discrete choice conjoint experiment to model the bullying prevention recommendations of 845 students from grades 5 to 8 (aged 9-14). Students made choices between experimentally varied combinations of 14 four-level prevention program attributes. Latent class analysis yielded three segments. The high impact segment (27.1%) recommended uniforms, mandatory recess activities, four playground supervisors, surveillance cameras, and 4-day suspensions when students bully. The moderate impact segment (49.5%) recommended discretionary uniforms and recess activities, four playground supervisors, and 3-day suspensions. Involvement as a bully or bully-victim was associated with membership in a low impact segment (23.4%) that rejected uniforms and surveillance cameras. They recommended fewer anti-bullying activities, discretionary recess activities, fewer playground supervisors, and the 2-day suspensions. Simulations predicted most students would recommend a program maximizing student involvement combining prevention with moderate consequences. The simulated introduction of mandatory uniforms, surveillance cameras, and long suspensions reduced overall support for a comprehensive program, particularly among students involved as bullies or bully-victims. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2011 Nov 4;24(1):3-10. doi: 10.1515/ijamh.2012.002. School bullying: its nature and ecology.Espelage DL, De La Rue L. SourceDepartment of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA. espelage@illinois.edu AbstractBACKGROUND:Recent youth suicides only highlight a persistent problem in schools - bullying and sustained peer victimization. Being a target or victim of bullying has long been recognized has having short- and long-term psychological effects on children and adolescents across the world today. School bullying is one of the most significant public health concerns facing children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE:Involvement in the social phenomena of school bullying is often explained as emerging from a wide range of risk and protective factors within the social-ecology of youth. The social-ecological model posits that bullying behaviors are shaped by various interrelated contexts including individual characteristics, family, peers and the school environment. METHODS:Research is reviewed to highlight the correlates of bullying involvement across these context using social-ecological and social-learning frameworks. Meta-analytic studies are reviewed on the short- and long-term impact of bullying involvement and efficacy of bullying prevention programs. Specific recommendations for prevention planning and future research efforts are provided. CONCLUSIONS:Bullying is a multi-faceted issue, which is best understood in the larger social context in which it occurs. Individual characteristics of students contribute to bullying involvement when students have families that promote violence, teachers that ignore or dismiss bullying, schools that have negative climates and students who socialize with friends who bully. These social contexts need to be targeted in bully prevention programs to reduce bullying and peer victimization in schools. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2011 Nov 4;24(1):11-6. doi: 10.1515/ijamh.2012.003. Morbidity among bystanders of bullying behavior at school: concepts, concerns, and clinical/research issues.Rivers I. SourceSchool of Sport and Education, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK. ian.rivers@brunel.ac.uk AbstractThe role of the bystander is not one that is easily understood in the anti-bullying literature. Roles within the unofficial hierarchy of the school-yard and playground overlap considerably, and each role has its own social dynamic that brings with it a shifting behavioral landscape that affects every student. In this article, the mental health correlates of three categories of bystander are explored: the co-victim, the isolate, and the confederate. Each category of bystander has its own characterizations and mental health correlates. Reports of post-traumatic stress, internalized hostility, substance use, and suicide ideation are discussed with reference to studies involving witnesses of family abuse, community and school violence as well as bullying. It is argued that bystanders are the key to challenging bullying in schools, and their mental health and well-being is pivotal to the effectiveness of anti-bullying interventions. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2011 Nov 29;24(1):27-35. doi: 10.1515/ijamh.2012.005. Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health.Suzuki K, Asaga R, Sourander A, Hoven CW, Mandell D. SourceColumbia University, New York, NY, USA. keitaliber@hotmail.com AbstractThe rapid growth of electronic and computer-based communication and information sharing during the past decade has dramatically changed social interactions, especially among teenagers. Cyberbullying has emerged as a new form of bullying and harassment, and it has been shown to possess different ramifications from traditional school-yard bullying. This problem has emerged in nations worldwide. Cyber victims have reported various emotional and behavioral symptoms, along with school-related problems. This paper reviews international cross-sectional studies relating to the definition, prevalence, age, and gender differences inherent in cyberbullying. Psychosocial and risk factors associated with cyberbullying are also addressed. Prevention and intervention strategies for school officials and parents are suggested. Healthcare providers, policy makers, and families must be ever-mindful of the grave dangers cyberbullying poses to youths. Longitudinal studies are warranted to assess the psychological risk factors of cyberbullying. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2011 Nov 29;24(1):57-62. doi: 10.1515/ijamh.2012.008. Bullying and gangs.White R, Mason R. SourceSchool of Sociology and Social Work, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia. r.d.white@utas.edu.au AbstractBACKGROUND:Although bullying is associated with gangs, questions arise as to whether bullying, as such, takes place within gangs. OBJECTIVE:To provide a critical analysis of bullying as this pertains to youth gangs and especially to violence within gangs, and as applied to the behaviour of individual gang members. Study group: Young men between 12 and 25 years of age. METHODS:Review of relevant literature with a view to theorising the nature of the relationship between bullying and violence within a youth gang context. RESULTS:Bullying is associated with the reasons why individuals join gangs and with gang-related behaviour, but the violence within a gang is of a different character than that usually described by the term bullying. CONCLUSION:Bullying has implications for related and/or subsequent types of street violence, but is less relevant for descriptions of violence within a youth gang context as such. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2011 Nov 29;24(1):83-90. doi: 10.1515/ijamh.2012.012. The nature and extent of college student hazing.Allan EJ, Madden M. SourceCollege of Education and Human Development, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. elizabeth.allan@umit.maine.edu AbstractBACKGROUND:This study explored the nature and extent of college student hazing in the USA. Hazing, a form of interpersonal violence, can jeopardize the health and safety of students. METHODS:Using a web-based survey, data were collected from 11,482 undergraduate students, aged 18-25 years, who attended one of 53 colleges and universities. Additionally, researchers interviewed 300 students and staff at 18 of the campuses. RESULTS:Results reveal hazing among USA college students is widespread and involves a range of student organizations and athletic teams. Alcohol consumption, humiliation, isolation, sleep-deprivation and sex acts are hazing practices common across student groups. Furthermore, there is a large gap between the number of students who report experience with hazing behaviors and those that label their experience as hazing. CONCLUSIONS:To date, hazing prevention efforts in post-secondary education have focused largely on students in fraternities/sororities and intercollegiate athletes. Findings from this study can inform development of more comprehensive and research-based hazing prevention efforts that target a wider range of student groups. Further, data can serve as a baseline from which to measure changes in college student hazing over time. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011 Dec;46(12):1211-9. doi: 10.1007/s00127-010-0292-1. Epub 2010 Dec 1. Bullying at age eight and criminality in adulthood: findings from the Finnish Nationwide 1981 Birth Cohort Study.Sourander A, Brunstein Klomek A, Kumpulainen K, Puustjärvi A, Elonheimo H, Ristkari T, Tamminen T, Moilanen I, Piha J, Ronning JA. SourceDepartment of Child Psychiatry, Turku University and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland. andre.sourander@utu.fi AbstractCONTEXT:There are no prospective population-based studies examining predictive associations between childhood bullying behavior and adult criminality. OBJECTIVE:To study predictive associations between bullying and victimization at age eight and adult criminal offenses. DESIGN:Nationwide birth cohort study from age 8 to 26 years. PARTICIPANTS:The sample consists of 5,351 Finnish children born in 1981 with information about bullying and victimization at age eight from parents, teachers, and the children themselves. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:National police register information about criminal offenses at age 23-26 years. RESULTS:When controlled for the parental education level and psychopathology score, bullying sometimes and frequently independently predicted violent (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.9-7.9, p < 0.001; OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6-4.1, p < 0.001, respectively), property (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.7, p < 0.05; OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.7, p < 0.05), and traffic (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.8-4.4, p < 0.001; OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-2.1, p < 0.001) offenses. The strongest predictive association was between bullying frequently and more than five crimes during the 4-year period (OR 6.6, 95% CI 2.8-15.3, p < 0.001) in adjusted analyses. When different informants were compared, teacher reports of bullying were the strongest predictor of adult criminality. In adjusted analyses, male victimization did not independently predict adult crime. Among girls, bullying or victimization at age eight were not associated with adult criminality. CONCLUSIONS:Bullying among boys signals an elevated risk of adult criminality. 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