CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION: ENGLISH SPELLINGS / PHONEMES 15
LESSON I: INTRODUCTION TO THE VOWELS 41
A SHORT & LAX VOWELS 43
B MID – VOWELS 73
C LONG & TENSE VOWELS 79
D DIPH – THONGS 95
LESSON II DIFFICULT CONSONANTS 111
LESSON III: PRESENT SIMPLE –S & –ES ENDINGS 151
PAST SIMPLE –D & –ED ENDINGS 161
-ED ADJECTIVES
PLURAL NOUN –S & –ES ENDINGS 167
LESSON IV SYLLABIFICATION & WORD STRESS 179
LESSON V STRESS – TIMED ‘ENGLISH’ 231
VERSUS
SYLLABLE – TIMED ‘TURKISH’
LESSON VI CONNECTED SPEECH 309
LESSON VII BRITISH ACCENT VERSUS AMERICAN ACCENT 343
APPENDIX 363
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
ENGLISH
SPELLINGS / PHONEMES
BRITISH ENGLISH VOWELS (BBC ACCENT)
iː uː
ɪ ʊ
ɔː
ə ɜː
e
ʌ
ɒ
æ
ɑː
|
ENGLISH CLOSING DIPH-THONGS (BBC ACCENT)
ENGLISH CENTERING DIPH-THONGS (BBC ACCENT)
ENGLISH LETTERS
VOWELS
|
SEMI-VOWELS
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CONSONANTS
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a /eɪ/
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w /ˈdʌbl juː/
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b /biː/
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e /iː/
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y /waɪ/
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c /siː/
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i /aɪ/
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d /diː/
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o /əʊ/
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f /ef/
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u /juː/
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g /dʒiː/
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h /eɪtʃ/
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j /dʒeɪ/
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k /keɪ/
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l /el/
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m /em/
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n /en/
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p /piː/
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q /kjuː/
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r /ɑːr/
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s /es/
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t /tiː/
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v /viː/
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x /eks/
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z /zed/
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/eɪ/
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/biː/
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/ef/
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/aɪ/
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/əʊ/
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/kjuː/
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/ɑːʳ/
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/eɪtʃ/
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/siː/
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/el/
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/waɪ/
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/juː/
|
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/dʒeɪ/
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/diː/
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/em/
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/ˈdʌbl juː/
|
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/keɪ/
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/iː/
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/en/
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/dʒiː/
|
/es/
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|
|
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/piː/
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/eks/
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|
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/tiː/
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/zed/
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/viː/
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MANNER OF ARTICULATION
PLOSIVES
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p
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b
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t
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d
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k
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g
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|
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AFFRICATES
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tʃ
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dʒ
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|
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FRICATIVES
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f
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v
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θ
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ð
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s
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z
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ʃ
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ʒ
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h
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NASALS
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m
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n
|
ŋ
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|
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APPROXIMANTS
|
l
|
r
|
w
|
j
|
|
|
|
|
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PLACE OF ARTICULATION
BILABIALS
|
p
|
b
|
m
|
w
|
|
|
LABIO-DENTALS
|
f
|
v
|
|
|
|
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DENTALS
|
θ
|
ð
|
|
|
|
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ALVEOLARS
|
t
|
d
|
s
|
z
|
n
|
l
|
POST- ALVEOLARS
|
tʃ
|
dʒ
|
ʃ
|
ʒ
|
r
|
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PALATAL
|
j
|
|
|
|
|
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VELARS
|
k
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g
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ŋ
|
|
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GLOTTAL
|
h
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|
|
|
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LIST OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS
LAX & SHORT VOWELS
/e/ TEST /test/
/æ/ PASTA /ˈpæstə/
/ɪ/ DISH /dɪʃ/
/ə/ DRAMA /ˈdrɑːmə/
/ʌ/ BUT /bʌt/
/ʊ/ BOOK /bʊk/
/ɒ/ GOLF /gɒlf/
TENSE & LONG VOWELS
/iː/ TEAM /tiːm/
/ɜː/ GIRL /gɜːl/
/ɑː/ DANCE /dɑːns/
/uː/ COOL /kuːl/
/ɔː/ TALK /tɔːk/
DIPH-THONGS
/eɪ/ TAPE /teɪp/
/əʊ/ GO /gəʊ/
/ɔɪ/ BOY /bɔɪ/
/aɪ/ TIE /taɪ/
/aʊ/ HOUSE /haʊs/
/ɪə/ EAR /ɪəʳ/
/ʊə/ TOUR /tʊəʳ/
/eə/ HAIR /heəʳ/
PLOSIVES
/p/ POOL /puːl/
/b/ BEEN /biːn/
/t/ BOUGHT /bɔːt/
/d/ OXFORD /ˈɒksfəd/
/k/ CALL /kɔːl/
/g/ GOOGLE /ˈguːgl/
FRICATIVES
/f/ FEEL /fiːl/
/v/ VILLA /ˈvɪlə/
/θ/ METHOD /ˈmeθəd/
/ð/ THIS /ðɪs/
/s/ PASS /pɑːs/
/z/ CAUSE /kɔːz/
/ʃ/ SHOE /ʃuː/
/ʒ/ TELEVISION /ˈtelɪvɪʒn/
/h/ NOT /nɒt/
AFFRICATES
/tʃ/ BEACH /biːtʃ/
/dʒ/ JEEP /dʒiːp/
NASALS
/m/ PROBLEM /ˈprɒbləm/
/n/ KEEN /kiːn/
/ŋ/ KANGAROO /ˌkæŋgəˈruː/
APPROXIMANTS
/l/ LAZY /ˈleɪzi/
/r/ RISK /rɪsk/
/w/ WELCOME /ˈwelkəm/
/j/ YOGA /ˈjəʊgə/
‘ENGLISH’ SOUNDS COMPARED to ‘TURKISH’ SOUNDS
SHORT & LAX VOWELS
1
|
/e/
|
bed
|
/bed/
|
2
|
/æ/
|
bad
|
/bæd/
|
3
|
/ɪ/
|
build
|
/bɪld/
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4
|
/ə/
|
today
|
/təˈdeɪ/
|
5
|
/ʌ/
|
cut
|
/kʌt/
|
6
|
/ʊ/
|
book
|
/bʊk/
|
7
|
/ɒ/
|
dog
|
/dɒg/
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LONG & TENSE VOWELS
8
|
/iː/
|
cip
Jeep
|
/dʒip/
/dʒiːp/
|
9
|
/ɜː/
|
göl
girl
|
/gɜl/
/gɜːl/
|
10
|
/ɑː/
|
kar
car
|
/kɑr/
/kɑːʳ/
|
11
|
/uː/
|
kul
cool
|
/kul/
/kuːl/
|
12
|
/ɔː/
|
form
sport
|
/fɔrm/
/spɔːt/
|
DIPH-THONGS
13
|
/ɪə/
|
bir
beer
|
/bir/
/bɪəʳ/
|
14
|
/ʊə/
|
tur
tour
|
/tur/
/tʊəʳ/
|
15
|
/eə/
|
şer
share
|
/şer/
/ʃeəʳ/
|
16
|
/eɪ/
|
şey
may
|
/ʃei/
/meɪ/
|
17
|
/ɔɪ/
|
boy
boy
|
/bɔi/
/bɔɪ/
|
18
|
/aɪ/
|
ayran
my
|
/ɑiˈrɑn/
/maɪ/
|
19
|
/əʊ/
|
kov
go
|
/kow/
/gəʊ/
|
20
|
/aʊ/
|
Avrupa
house
|
/ˈɑʊrupɑ/
/haʊs/
|
NOTE:
ENGLISH LONG VOWELS are SHORTER than TURKISH LONG VOWELS
|
TURKISH SHORT VOWELS are LONGER than ENGLISH SHORT VOWELS
|
ENGLISH LONG VOWELS = TURKISH SHORT VOWELS
|
PLOSIVES (STOPS)
1
|
/b/
|
bir
back
|
/bir/
/bæk/
|
2
|
/p/
|
paket
panel
|
/pɑˈket/
/ˈpænl/
|
3
|
/d/
|
dergi
desk
|
/derˈgi/
/desk/
|
4
|
/t/
|
terzi
turn
|
/terˈzi/
/tɜːn/
|
5
|
/g/
|
geri
give
|
/geˈri/
/gɪv/
|
6
|
/k/
|
kiraz
key
|
/kiˈrɑz/
/kiː/
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