Review of Asian Studies Volume 18 (2016) 105-132 Head: Fallujah

16^Ibid., pp. 36-44; “Marines, Iraqis join forces to shut down Fallujah,” CNN News, 6 Apr 2004, http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/04/05/iraqi.main/index.html, [hereafter Marines, Iraqis]; Jomana Karadsheh and Alan Duke, “Blackwater incident witness: 'It was hell',” CNN News, 2

Oct 2007.

17^Ibid., pp. 45-52. For a worthwhile book that wrestles with the causes of, need for, and results of, the attacks on Fallujah, see Dick Camp USMC, ret., Operation Phantom Fury: The Assault and Capture of Fallujah, Iraq (New York: Zenith Press, 2009), [hereafter Phantom Fury].

18^West, No True Glory, pp. 55-64; Rory McCarthy, “Uneasy truce in the city of Ghosts,” The Guardian (London), 24 Apr 2004, http://www/guardian.co.uk/international/story/ 0..1202143.00.html.; Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “Key General Criticizes April Attack in Fallujah,” The Washington Post, 13 Sep 2004, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16309-2004Sep12.html: Kaplan, “Five Days in Fallujah.”

19^Chang Tao-Hung, “The Battle of Fallujah: Lessons Learned on Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT) in the 21st Century,” Journal of Undergraduate Research, (Fall 2007) Vol. 6, Issue 1, p. 31, [hereafter “MOUT”].

20^West, No True Glory, pp. 55-64; Tony Perry, Edmund Sanders, “Marines Roll Into Fallouja,” The Los Angeles Times, 5 Apr 2004, p. 1A.

21^West, No True Glory, pp. 65-70; Robert Kaplan, “Five Days in Fallujah,” The Atlantic, Jul/Aug 04, http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200407/kaplan.html, [hereafter “Five Days in Fallujah”].

22^West, No True Glory, pp. 70-73; Kaplan, “Five Days in Fallujah.”

23^Anne Barnard, “Anger over Fallujah reaches ears of the faithful,” Boston Globe, 11 Apr 04, http://www.boston.com/news/world/articles/2004/04/11anger_over_fallujah_reaches_ear_of_the_faithful.html.

24^Marines, Iraqis; West, No True Glory, pp. 74-93.

25^Marines, Iraqis; West, No True Glory, pp. 94-220.

26^Glenn Kessler, “Weapons Given to Iraq Are Missing,” The Washington Post, 5 Aug 2007, p. 1A; West, No True Glory, pp. 221-252.

27^Keiler, “Who Won?”

28^West, No True Glory, pp.194-207.

29^Ibid., pp. 244-260; Thomas E. Ricks, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq (New York: Penguin Books, 2007), p. 399, [hereafter Fiasco]; Richard S. Lowry, New Dawn: The Battles of Fallujah (New York: Savas Beatie, 2010), pp. 269-279, [hereafter New Dawn]; “Black Watch ordered to join U.S. cordon for assault on Fallujah,” The Independent (London), 22 Oct 2004, p. 1.

30^Matt M. Matthews, Operation AL FAJR: A Study in Army and Marine Corps Joint Operations, Global War on Terrorism Occasional Paper 20, (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006), p. 14, [hereafter Operation Al Fajr]. Original quotes in Interview, Matthews with Col. Michael Shupp, 25 March 2006 and West, No True Glory, p. 259.

31^Ricks, Fiasco, pp. 343-6; Lowry, New Dawn, p. 20; West, No True Glory, pp. 253-9; Brian Ross, “Tracking Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi,” ABC News, 24 Sep 2004, http://www.abcnews.go. com/WNT/Invesitgation/story?id=131414.html.

32^Ricks, Fiasco, pp. 343-6; Lowry, New Dawn, p. 20; West, No True Glory, pp. 253-267; Tony Karon, “The Grim Calculations of Retaking Fallujah,” Time Magazine 8 Nov 2004; Dexter Filkins and James Glanz, “With Airpower and Armor, Troops Enter Rebel-Held City,” New York Times, 8 Nov 2004, [hereafter “Airpower and Armor”], http://www.nytimes.com/ 2004/11/08/international/08CNDIRAQ.html?_r=1&ex=1114401600&en=2bb5b33cda9ccdd9&ei=5070; David Bellavia, House to House: A Tale of Modern War (New York: Pocket Books, 2008), pp. 33, [hereafter House to House].

33^Filkins and Glanz, “Airpower and Armor;” Bellavia, House to House, pp. 6-7.

34^ Matthews, Operation Al Fajr p. 40.

35^Knarr, Castro and Fuller, Battle for Fallujah, pp. 15-25; Elaine M. Grossman, “Services Spar over a Powerful but Vulnerable Aircraft: Troops in Fallujah Lost Bid for Daytime AC-130 Gunship Fire Support,” Inside the Pentagon, November 25, 2004 http://www.d-n-i.net/grossman/troops_in_fallujah.htm, Reprinted by permission of Inside Washington Publishers, http://defense.iwpnewsstand.com, [hereafter “Services Spar”]; Filkins and Glanz, “Airpower and Armor.” For more books on the battles for Fallujah, see Patrick O’Donnell We Were One: Shoulder to Shoulder with the Marines Who Took Fallujah (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press, 2006); John R. Ballard, Fighting For Fallujah: A New Dawn for Iraq, (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2006), [hereafter Fighting for Fallujah]; Gary Livingston, Fallujah With Honor: First Battalion, Eighth Marine's Role in Operation Phantom Fury (Snead’s Ferry, North Carolina: Caisson Press, 2006); Vincent L. Foulk, Battle of Fallujah: Occupation, Resistance And Stalemate in the War in Iraq (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company , 2006); Mike Tucker, Among Warriors In Iraq: True Grit, Special Ops, and Raiding in Mosul and Fallujah (Greenwich, Connecticut: Lyons Press, 2006)

36^Grossman, “Services Spar.”

37^Grant, “The Fallujah Model.”

38^Ibid.

39^Ibid.

40^Ricks, Fiasco, pp. 343-6, 400; Lowry, New Dawn, p. 20; West, No True Glory, pp. 253-267; Knarr, Castro and Fuller, Battle for Fallujah, pp. 52-72.

41^Ricks, Fiasco, pp. 347-9; Lowry, New Dawn, pp. 20-2; West, No True Glory, pp. 263-7. For detailed account of the combat from 8 to 13 November 2004, see Matthews, Operation Al Fajr, pp. 41-78.

42^See notes 30 and 31.

43^See notes 30 and 31.

44^Ricks, Fiasco, pp. 343-6, 398-400.

45^West, No True Glory, pp. 268-276.

46^Ibid.

47^See notes 30, 31, and 34. Also see, Interview, Lt. Gen. John F. Sattler, Commander of USMC Forces, CENTCOM, and I MEF by Patrecia Slayden Hollis, “Second Battle of Fallujah—Urban Operations in a New Kind of War,” Field Artillery (March-April 2006), pp. 4, 6, [hereafter Sattler Interview].

48^West, No True Glory, pp. 268-276; Hollis, Sattler Interview, p. 9; Matthews, Operations Al Fajr, pp. 52-60.

49^West, No True Glory, pp. 274-276; Ricks, Fiasco, pp. 343-9; Lowry, New Dawn, pp. 270-9; Matthews, Operations Al Fajr, pp. 52-60.

50^West, No True Glory, pp. 277-303; Hollis, Sattler Interview, pp. 4-9; Matthews, Operations Al Fajr, pp. 52-60, 71.

51^West, No True Glory, pp. 304-316; Ricks, Fiasco, pp. 399-400; Lowry, New Dawn, pp. 269-279; Matthews, Operations Al Fajr, pp. 52-60, 71.

52^Keiler, “Who Won?”; Matthews, Operations Al Fajr, pp. 72-74

53^Matthews, Operations Al Fajr, p. 79.

54^ Ibid., p. 81. Original numbers in West, No True Glory, p. 316.

55^Keiler, “Who Won?”.

56^Grant, “Fallujah Model;” Moni Basu, “Deadly Iraq War ends with exit of last U.S. troops,” CNN News 18 Dec 2011, http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/17/world/meast/iraq-troops-leave.html; Mario Tams, “Iraq War Draws to a Close,” Washington Post, 15 December 2011, p. 1A.

57^Grant “Fallujah Model.”

58^Ibid.

59^Ibid.

60^Ibid.

61^Ibid.

62^Ibid.

63^Grossman, “Services Spar.”

64^Ibid.; Ballard, Fighting for Fallujah, pp. 56-77.

65^Grossman, “Services Spar.”

66^Ibid.

67^Ibid.

68^Ibid.; Ballard, Fighting for Fallujah, pp. 56-77.

69^Grossman, “Services Spar.”

70^E-mail, Michael A. Klausutis, AAC/HO to Dr. William P. Head, WR-ALC/HO, “Night Hunter Chapter 15,” December 21, 2009.

71^Ballard, Fighting for Fallujah, pp. 56-77.

72^ Chang, “MOUT,” p. 35. Original remarks by Capt. Alexander W. Johns, USMC, “Slayer for the Masses,” Marine Corps Gazette, (May 2005), p. 44.

73^Ricks, Fiasco, p. 400; Grant “Fallujah Model;” Camp, Operation Phantom Fury; “Dead Black Watch soldiers named,” BBC News, 5 November 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3984575.stm; “Black Watch pays price for backing Fallujah offensive,” The Independent (London), 9 November 2004, http://www.independent.co.uk/ news/world/middle-east/blacl-watch-pays-price-for-backing-fallujah-offensive-750296.html.; “Fallujah Secure, But Not Yet Safe, Marine Commander Says,” Defense Link News, Nov 2004, http://.defenselink.mil//news/newsarticle.aspx?id=24798.; “Red Cross Estimates 800 Iraqi Civilians Killed in Fallujah,” Democracynow, 17 November 2004, http://www.democracynow.org/2004/11/17/red_cross_estimates_800_iraqi_civilians.html.; Alexander Mikaberidze, Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, (New York: ABC-CLIO, 2011), p. 304; Kaplan, “Five Days in Fallujah.”

74^Keiler, “Who Won.”

75^“Increased Security in Fallujah Slows Efforts to Rebuild,” The Washington Post, 19 April 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A64292-2005Apr18.html; Kaplan, “Five Days in Fallujah.”

76^“Fallujah Four Month Later,” Voice of America, 31 March 2005, http://www.voanews.com/ english/2005-03-31-voa66.cfm.

77^West, No True Glory, pp. 317-328.

78^Knarr, Castro and Fuller, Battle for Fallujah, p. ES-2. Original source, Interview, General George Casey with Dr. Knarr at U.S. Embassy, Baghdad, Iraq, 6 February 2006.

79^Both quotes found in Grant, “Fallujah Model.”

80^“BBC News: U.S. general defends phosphorus use,” BBC News, 30 November 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4483690.stm; Jackie Spinner, Karl Vick and Omar Fekeiki, “U.S. Forces Battle Into Heart of Fallujah,” Washington Post, 10 November 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A35979-2004Nov9.html.

81^See note 73. Also see, Andrew Buncombe and Colin Brown, “The Big White Lie,” The Independent (London), 17 November 2005, http://news.independent.co.uk/world /politics/article327543.ece; “Inchiesta -- Iraq, Hidden Massacre,” RAI News24, 8 November 2005, http://rainews24.raiit/ran24/inchiesta/en/body.asp.

82^Robert Hornick, Marine Corps Command and Staff College, Quantico, Virginia, “AC-130 Employment,” Accession Number: ADA492023, 2006, http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ ADA492023.

83^Ibid.

84^“Bush makes historic speech aboard ship,” CNN.com, 1 May 2003, http://www.cnn.com/2003/ US/05/01/bush.transcript/.

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