Review of Asian Studies Volume 18 (2016): 133-159



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Wages of War].

29Ripley, Air War Iraq, p. 98; Article, Jim Dwyer, “A Nation at War: In the Field, 101st Airborne Division; In Karbala, G.I.s Find Forsaken Iraqi Armor and Pockets of Resistance,” New York Times, 6 April 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/06/world/nation-war-field-101st-airborne-division-karbala-gi-s-find-forsaken-iraqi-armor.html, [hereafter “In the Field, 101st Airborne Division,”].

30Timeline; Dwyer, “In the Field, 101st Airborne Division.”

31“U.S. Forces Battle Republican Guard.”

32Groen, With the 1st Marine Division, pp 180-254.

33“U.S. Forces Battle Republican Guard.

34Article, Tom Infield, Inquirer Staff Writer, “At Karbala Gap, U.S. moves for decisive stroke The plan is to open the way to Baghdad and destroy Hussein's best troops. But it’s a battlefield chosen by Iraq,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Philly.com, 2 April 2003, http://Articles.Philly.Com/ 2003-04-02/News/25476079_1_Medina-Division-Razzaza-Lake-Iraqi-Capital.

35Spencer C. Tucker, General Editor, The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts, (Santa Barbara, California: ABC Clio, 2010), p. 673.

36Ellen Dunkel, S. Thorne Harper, Juan O. Tamayo, and Jonathan S. Landay, “Battle begins in Karbala Gap,” Knight Ridder Newspapers, 1 April 2003, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/882384/posts.

37Timeline; Davis, Global War on Terror, p. 61.

38Timeline; Article, “Battle through, around Karbala Gap likely to be ‘hell of a fight’” Stars and Stripes, 1 April 2003, http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=13572 &archive=true; Article, “The Euphrates – Michael Kelly,” Jewish World Review, 3 April 2003, http://www.jewishworldreview.com/michael/kelly1.asp#3%20Across.

39PBS Frontline Interview, “Interview with Lt. Gen. Ra’ad al-Hamdani,” PBS.org News, 26 Feb 2004, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/invasion/interviews/raad.html, [hereafter Hamdani Interview].

40Ibid.; Timeline.

41“Karbala Gap, and north to Baghdad,” Wages of War; Article, “Edward Korn was the 3rd I.D. captain killed on April 3 in Karbala Gap while searching an Iraqi T-72 tank for possible intelligence documents,” 4 April 2003, National Journal, Vol. 35, pp. 1025-1336, (New York: National Journal Group, Inc., 2003).

42PBS Frontline Interview, “Interview with Col. David Perkins,” PBS.org News, no date, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/invasion/interviews/perkins.html#medina.

43Ibid.

44“Karbala Gap and north to Baghdad,” Wages of War; Groen, With the 1st Marine Division, pp. 255-375. Also see, Jason Conroy, Heavy Metal: A Tank Company’s Battle to Baghdad, (Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2006); James Lacey, Takedown: The 3rd Infantry Division’s Twenty-one Day Assault on Baghdad, (Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2007).

45Timeline.

46Capt Gregory Ball, USAFR, Ph.D., Air Force Historical Studies Office, Joint Base Anacostia Bolling, Washington, D. C., “Operation Iraqi Freedom,” Air Force Fact Sheet, 16 October 2014, http://www.afhso.af.mil/topics/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=18635, [hereafter “Operation Iraqi Freedom” Fact Sheet]; Lt. Gen. T. Michael Moseley, Commander, USCENTAF, Operation Iraqi Freedom—By the Numbers: Assessment and Analysis Division, 30 April 2003, [OIF by the Numbers].

47Ball, “Operation Iraqi Freedom” Fact Sheet; Moseley, OIF by the Numbers.

48Ball, “Operation Iraqi Freedom” Fact Sheet; Moseley, OIF by the Numbers.

49Ball, “Operation Iraqi Freedom” Fact Sheet.

50Susan Sachs, “Iraqi Governing Council Sets Up Its Own Court for War Crimes,” New York Times, 10 December 2003, p. 1A;  Article, “Iraqi P.M. Seeks Saddam ‘show trail,’” BBC News, 23 September 2004.

51Article, “Saddam’s final words,” The Daily Telegraph (UK). 30 December 2006;  Article, Qassum Abdul-Zahra, “New Video of Saddam’s Corpse on Internet,” The Washington Post/Associated Press, 9 January 2007.

52William P. Head, “The Battles for Al-Fallujah: Urban Warfare and the Growth of Air Power,” Air Power History, Winter 2013, Vol. 60, No. 4, p. 49.

53Article, “Full Text of Colin Powell’s Speech,” The Guardian, 5 February 2003, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/05/iraq.usa.

54Gen. Colin Powell, “Meet the Press: Invasion of Iraq ‘Badly Flawed’,” NBC News, 6 September 2015, http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/colin-powell-invasion-iraq-badly-flawed-n422566.

55For more on the Bush White House and the decision to invade Iraq, see Ron Suskind, The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House and the Education of Paul O’Neil, (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 2004). O’Neil’s revelations are considered particularly damning with regard to the decision to carry out OIF.

56Ibid.

57“George W. Bush’s Second State of the Union Address,” Congressional Record, Vol. 149, p. H123, (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 2002).

58Seiji Yamada, Mary C. Smith Fawzi, Gregory G. Maskarince, and Paul E. Farmer, Report on the Iraq War: Casualties, Narrative and Images of the War on Iraq, (Amityville, New York: Baywood Publishers, Inc., 2006), pp. 401-415. Other sources include, Opinion Research Business Poll, PLOS Medical Study, and the Iraqi Body Count Project.

59Deptula, “Parallel Warfare,” pp. 127-156.



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