Quarantine pests
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Helicotylenchus microcephalus Sher, 1966
Helicotylenchus mucronatus Siddiqi, 1963
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Synonyms
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Helicotylenchus microcephalus Sher = Helicotylenchus belurensis Sigh & Khera
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Common name(s)
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Spiral nematodes
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Main hosts
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Helicotylenchus microcephalus:
Abelmoschus esculentus, Aleurites moluccana, Alocasia macrorrhizos, Anacardium occidentale, Ananas comosus, Annona muricata, Arachis hypogaea, Araucaria heterophylla, Asparagus setaceus, Bixa orellana, Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria miliifolius, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Brassica chinensis, Brassica oleracea, Broussonetia papyrifera, Brugmansia x candida, Cajanus cajun, Calophyllum inophyllum, Camellia sinensis, Capsicum annum, Capsicum frutescens, Carica papaya, Casuarina equisetifolia, Ceiba pentandra, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana, Citrullus lanatus, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus limon, Cocos nucifera, Coffea sp., Colocasia esculenta, Croix lachryma-jobi, Crotalaria pallida, Daucus carota, Delonix regia, Desmodium intortum, Digitaria eriantha, Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea esculentum, Erythrina subumbrans, Glycine max, Hibiscus schizopetalus, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Inocarpus fagifer, Ipomaea batatas, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Jatropha curcas, Lactuca sativa, Leucaena leucocephala, Lycopersicon esculenta, Macadamia tetraphylla, Mangifera indica, Manihot esculenta, Mentha arvensis, Mimosa pudica, Miscanthuis floridulus, Musa sapientum, Pandanus sp., Panicum maximum, Panicum spectabile, Parinari glaberrima, Paspalum coryphaeum, Phaeomeria speciosa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Phoenix dactylifera, Pinus massoniana, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Raphinus sativus, Ravenala madagascariensis, Ricinus communis, Saccharum edule, Saccharum officinarum, Setaria palmifolia, Setaria sphacelata, Solanum melongena, Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum halepense, Spondias dulcis, Tamarindus indica, Tectona grandis, Terminalia catappa, Theobroma cacao, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Vigna radiata, Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Xanthosoma violaceum, Zea mays (Ecoport 2011); also Cynodon dactylon and Thymelea hirsuta (Ibrahim et al. 2000).
Helicotylenchus mucronatus:
Abelmoschus manihot, Aleurites moluccana, Allium cepa, Allium sp., Alocasia macrorrhizos, Alphitonia zizyphoides, Ananas comosus, Annona muricate, Arachis hypogaea, Bambusa vulgaris, Bauhinia monandra, Brassica sp., Broussonetia papyrifera, Cananga odorata, Capsicum frutescens, Carica papaya, Ceiba pentandra, Citrullus lanatus, Citrus limon, Citrus sinensis, Cocos nucifera, Codiaeum variegatum, Colocasia esculenta, Cordyline fruticose, Cucumis sativus, Cucumis sp., Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita sp., Cyathea sp., Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscorea esculenta, Dioscorea nummularia, Dysoxylum forsteri, Elettaria cardamomum, Endospermum macrophyllum, Ficus tinctorial, Glochidion ramiflorum, Gmelina arborea, Grevillea banksii, Heliconia indica, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Inocarpus fagifer, Ipomoea batatas, Kleinhofia hospita, Lantana camara, Lycopersicon esculentum, Macadamia tetraphylla, Macaranga seemannii var. seemannii, Mangifera indica, Manihot esculenta, Miscanthus floridulus, Morinda citrifolia, Musa sapientum, Myristica inutilis, Nicotiana tabacum, Oryza sativa, Passiflora edulis, Persea americana, Piper methysticum, Piper puberulum, Pometia pinnata, Psidium guajava, Rhus taitensis, Saccharum edule, Saccharum officinarum, Sechium edule, Setaria palmifolia, Solanum tuberosum, Swietenia macrophylla, Syzygium richii, Tacca leontopetaloides, Tectona grandis, Theobroma cacao, Urena lobata, Vigna radiata, Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Zea mays, Zingiber officinale, Zingiber zerumbet (Ecoport 2011).
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Distribution
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Helicotylenchus microcephalus:
Asia: India (Lal and Khan 1993), Iran (Hashemi and Kheyri 2003), Jordan (Hashim 1983), Oman (Waller and Bridge 1978), Pakistan (Zarina 2006), Thailand (Ratanaprapa and Boonduang 1975).
Africa: Egypt (Ibrahim et al. 2000), Kenya (Njuguna and Bridge 1998), Mozambique (Ecoport 2011), Nigeria (Badra and Caveness 1985), South Africa (NZ MAF 1999; Marais and Buckley 1992), Sudan (Zeidan and Geraert 1990).
North America: USA (Lehman 2002).
Central America: Cuba (Schliephake 1985), Guadeloupe (Marais et al. 1999).
South America: Brazil (Rossi and Ferraz 2005), Venezuela (Maggiorani et al. 2004).
Oceania: Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Samoa (Ecoport 2011).
Helicotylenchus mucronatus:
Asia: India (Mishra and Mandal 1989; Rama and Dasgupta 2000).
Africa: Cameroon (Ali and Geraert 1975), Kenya (Waudo et al. 1998).
Central America: Guadeloupe (Marais et al. 1999; Queneherve and Berg 2005).
Oceania: American Samoa, Fiji , Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga (Ecoport 2011), Samoa (Bridge 1988).
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Quarantine pest
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Hirschmanniella miticausa Bridge, Mortimer & Jackson, 1983
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Synonyms
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Common name(s)
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Taro nematode
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Main hosts
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Colocasia esculenta (Bridge 1988)
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Distribution
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Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands.
Other Hirschmanniella species have been noted as associated with taro in Taiwan (Bridge 1988; Jatala and Bridge 1990; CABI 2011), but seem to cause little damage. Hirschmanniella miticausa is listed as a quarantine pest for Taiwan (Plant Nematode Lab Taiwan 2003a), while ‘Hirschmanniella sp.’ is listed as a major nematode pest of the stem vegetables Zinania latifolia and Nelumbo nucifera, but not of taro (Plant Nematode Lab Taiwan 2003b).
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Quarantine pest
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Longidorus sylphus Thorne, 1939
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Synonyms
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This species is sometimes included in the broadly defined Longidorus elongatus (de Man, 1876) complex.
Konicek (1961) and Konicek and Jensen (1961) renamed the nematode that attacks peppermint crops in the USA, until then known as Longidorus sylphus, as Longidorus menthasolanus. They provided characters that distinguished their species from Longidorus sylphus and Longidorus elongatus. However, their name seems to have had little use, and Siddiqi (1962) included Longidorus menthasolanus in Longidorus elongatus. Hooper (1961) quoted in Robbins and Brown (1995), provided distinguishing characters for Longidorus sylphus and Longidorus elongatus. Whitehead (1998) considered that Longidorus sylphus (at least in the context of North American Mentha crops) was synonymous with Longidorus elongatus.
Most other authors maintain Longidorus sylphus and Longidorus elongatus as distinct species (Polinkovskii 1979; Green and Skotland 1993; Ooka 1994; Ferris 1999). CABI (2011) treats Longidorus menthasolanus as a synonym of Longidorus elongatus, but keeps Longidorus sylphus distinct. This taxonomic confusion, however, means that records of geographical and host status for Longidorus sylphus are equally confused.
A number of records of ‘Longidorus sp.’ are known from widely scattered parts of Australia, including the Northern Territory, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania (APPD 2009), but without species level identification it is impossible to tell whether these might represent this species. McLeod et al. (1994) recorded Longidorus taniwha on a range of native Australian taxa in South Australia, and Longidorus sp. on apple, pear and peach in Sydney.
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Common name(s)
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Needle nematode, mint nematode
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Main hosts
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The host data cited below is for nematodes identified by the authors in each case as ‘Longidorus sylphus’. If this species is considered synonymous with Longidorus elongatus, then the host list is much wider, and includes turf grasses, root vegetables such as beetroot and carrot, and fruit trees. Even some of the hosts below may be more correctly attributed to Longidorus elongatus s. str. rather than Longidorus sylphus.
Hosts include Colocasia esculenta (Ooka 1994), Amygdalus nana, Amygdalus communis, Cydonia oblonga, Juglans regia, Malus domesticus, Prunus mahaleb, Pyrus sativa (Katalan-Gateva 1980), Fragaria sp. (Baker 1959; Townshend 1962), Mentha spp. (Konicek 1961), Rosa damascena (Choleva et al. 1980), Saccharum officinarum (Allow and Katcho 1967) and Vitis vinifera (Polinkovskii 1979; Ferris 1999).
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Distribution
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The distribution data cited below is for nematodes identified by the authors in each case as ‘Longidorus sylphus’. If this species is considered synonymous with Longidorus elongatus, then the distribution is much wider, and includes an old record for South Australia (on Lolium, McLeod et al. (1994)), much of Europe, central Asia, and New Zealand (CABI 2011). There is considerable doubt about the true distribution of Longidorus elongatus, and some of the records for that species may belong with Longidorus sylphus or other segregate species.
Asia: Iraq (Allow and Katcho 1967; Katcho and Allow 1969)
Africa: Sudan (El-Tigani et al. 1970)
Europe: Belarus, Bulgaria, Moldova Rep. (Fauna Europaea 2009)
North America: Canada (Baker 1959; Townshend 1962), USA (Lehman 2002)
Oceania: Hawaii (Ooka 1994)
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Quarantine pest
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Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae (McCulloch & Pirone, 1939) Vauterin et al., 1995
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Synonyms
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Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae (McCulloch & Pirone) Dye
Xanthomonas campestris pv. aracearum (Berniac, 1974) Dye, 1978
Xanthomonas campestris pv. syngonii Dickey & Zumoff, 1987
Xanthomonas dieffenbachiae (McCulloch & Pirone) Dowson, 1943
Bacterium dieffenbachiae McCulloch & Pirone, 1939
Phytomonas dieffenbachiae McCulloch & Pirone, 1939
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Common name(s)
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Bacterial blight
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Main hosts
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Colocasia esculenta, Aglaonema spp., Anthurium spp., Colocasia spp., Dieffenbachia spp., Epiprenum spp., Philodendron spp., Syngonium spp., Xanthosoma spp. (Phookan et al. 1996; Chase et al. 1992)
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Distribution
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Asia: India (Phookan et al. 1996)
Central America: Costa Rica (Laguna et al. 1983)
Oceania: Papua New Guinea (Tomlinson 1987), Hawaii (Chase et al. 1992)
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Quarantine pest
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Corallomycetella repens (Berkeley & Broome) Rossman & Samuels
Anamorph: Rhizostilbella hibisci (Patouillard) Seifert
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Synonyms
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Teleomorph: Sphaerostilbe repens Berkeley & Broome, Stilbum incarnatum Junghuhn; Corallomyces elegans Berkeley & M.A. Curtis, J.; Corallomycetella heinsenii Hennings; Corallomyces mauritiicola Hennings; Nectria mauritiicola (Hennings) Seifert & Samuels; Corallomyces berolinensis Hennings; Nectria coccinea var. platyspora Rehm; Nectria platyspora (Rehm) Weese.
Anamorph: Stilbum hibisci Patouillard; Rhizostilbella rubra van der Wolk; Stilbum incarnatum Wakker; Cephalosporium kashiense R.Y.Roy & G.N.Singh; Acremonium kashiensis (R.Y.Roy & G.N.Singh) W.Gams.
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Common name(s)
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Corallomycetella root rot
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Main hosts
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Colocasia esculenta, Theobroma cacao, Hevea brasiliensis (Ecoport 2011), Aleurites montana, Cajanus cajun, Camellia sinensis, Carica papaya, Caryota urens, Cassia sp., Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus grandis, Citrus medica, Citrus sinensis, Elaeis guineensis, Erythrina sp., Ficus carica, Gliricidia sepium, Manihot esculenta, Manihot utilissima, Mauritia flexuosa, Metroxylon vitiense, Nelumbium nelumbo, Nymphaea sp., Pachyrhizus erosus, Persea americana, Pueraria sp., Sterium fasciatum, Tectona grandis, Trapa bicornis, Zingiber officinale (Farr and Rossman 2011), Artocarpus integrifolia, Coffea sp., Dioscorea sp., Hibiscus sp., Mangifera indica, Maranta arundinacea, Musa sapientum, Voandzeia subterranea (Mycobank 2011).
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Distribution
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Asia: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand (CMI 1968), Hong Kong, Singapore, Solomon Islands (Mycobank 2011), Japan (JSCC 2009)
Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Mauritius, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda (CMI 1968)
North America: Bermuda (CMI 1968), USA (Farr and Rossman 2011)
Central America: Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Windward and Leeward Islands (CMI 1968)
South America: Colombia, Guyana (CMI 1968), Brazil (Farr and Rossman 2011), Venezuela (Cybertruffle 2007), Surinam (Mycobank 2011)
Oceania: Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea (CMI 1968), French Polynesia (Ecoport 2011), New Zealand (Landcare Research 2009), Fiji (Farr and Rossman 2011)
Rossman et al. (1999) cited a syntype from a greenhouse in Germany.
This species has been claimed to be present in Australia, as a mycorrhizal symbiont of the introduced weedy orchid Disa bracteata, which is spreading in southern Australia (southwestern Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria) (Bonnardeaux et al. 2007). Disa bracteata is native to South Africa. Nectria mauritiicola was identified on molecular evidence (ITS sequencing) from an orchid accession from southern Western Australia, identified as a 99 percent match to a GenBank sequence from Russia (Bonnardeaux et al. 2007). This is the only record of the pathogen from Australia. It is not recorded from South Africa, and no other records of it from Russia have been traced. This record seems doubtful for a pathogen of waterlogged tropical soils.
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Quarantine pest
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Marasmiellus colocasiae Capelari & Antonín
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Synonyms
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Common name(s)
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Corm rot
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Main hosts
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Colocasia esculenta (Capelari et al. 2010).
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Distribution
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Has only been reported from Brazil (Capelari et al. 2010).
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Quarantine pest
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Rosellinia pepo Patouillard
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Synonyms
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Common name(s)
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Black root rot
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Main hosts
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Coffea spp., Theobroma cacao, Cajanus cajan, Camellia sinensis, Citrus aurantifolia, Erythrina spp., Hevea brasiliensis, Garcinia mangostan, Inga spp., Manihot esculenta, Myristica fragans, Persea americana, Piper nigrum, Syzygium aromaticum, Theobroma grandiflorum, Xanthosoma spp. (Oliveira et al. 2008), Colocasia esculenta (CABI 2011)
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Distribution
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Present in tropical areas of Central and South America, the West Indies, West Africa and Asia (Oliveira et al. 2008).
Central America: Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Granada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago
South America: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela (CABI 2011)
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Quarantine pest
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Phytophthora colocasiae Raciborski
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Synonyms
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Kawakamia colocasiae (Raciborski) Sawada; Phytophthora parasitica var. colocasiae (Raciborski) Sarej
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Common name(s)
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Taro leaf blight; Blight of dasheen; Phytophthora leaf blight; Taro corm rot; Leaf blight of Gabi; flétrissure des feuilles de taro (French); Yu yi ping (Chinese)
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Main hosts
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Alocasia macrorrhiza (Brooks 2006; Erwin and Ribeiro 1996), Amorphophallus campanulatus (= Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) (Erwin and Ribeiro 1996; Farr and Rossman 2011), Catharanthus roseus, Colocasia antiquorum, Colocasia esculenta (Brooks 2006), Colocasia esculenta var. globulifera, Dracontium polyphyllum (Farr and Rossman 2011), Hevea brasiliensi, Panax quinquefolius, Piper betle, Vinca rosea, Xanthosoma mafaffa, Xanthosoma violaceum Schott (Erwin and Ribeiro 1996), Xanthosoma sagittifolium (Farr and Rossman 2011; Erwin and Ribeiro 1996), Bougainvillea spectabilis (CABI 2011).
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Distribution
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Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand
Africa: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Seychelles
North America: USA
Central America: Dominican Republic
South America: Argentina
Oceania: American Samoa, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Hawaii, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa and Solomon Islands (CABI 2011)
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Quarantine pest
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Phytophthora sp.
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Synonyms
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Common name(s)
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Taro pocket rot
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Main hosts
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Colocasia esculenta (Uchida 1998; CTAHR 2002)
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Distribution
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Only confirmed for Hawaii (Uchida 1998). The disease may be more widespread in the Pacific (Uchida et al. 2003) but this is not yet proven, as other pathogens cause similar damage (Uchida 1998).
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